1. The Anglo-Saxon Period 449-1066 A.D.

2. Anglo-Saxon Literary Terms

3. Epic Poem A long narrative poem that recounts, in formal language, the exploits of a larger- than-life hero.

4. Folk Epics Have no certain authorship and arise, usually through storytelling, from the collective experiences of a people. Example: Beowulf

5. Literary Epics Written down by known authors Example: Paradise Lost by John Milton

6. Characteristics of Epics begins in “medias res” (in the middle of things) begins with an invocation to a Muse content is concerned with the fate of a nation or a people set on a large scale, ranging around the world

7. the intervention of supernatural figures extended similes long catalogues (lists) extensive battle scenes stock episodes

8. Epic Boast A self-admiring speech given by the hero of an epic about what he’s done or what he will do for the purpose of glorifying himself.

9. Caesura A break in a line of poetry created by punctuation, which helps to provide rhythm.

10. Lament A song or poem that expresses grief or regret. In its verb form, it means “to cry or grieve.”

11. Elegy A type of lyric poem which is usually a formal mourning for a death or loss of a person, ideal, etc.

12. Archetype A universal pattern that mirrors real life and is reflected in literature and film

13. Quest A journey one undertakes with the intention of seeking something

14. Mead The fermented beverage made of water, honey, malt, and yeast.

15. Comitaus An agreement between a lord and his thanes in which the thanes swear to protect the lord, while the lord provides protection, wealth, and weapons.

16. Kenning The metaphoric and often creative compound re-naming of an ordinary object. Examples: bird’s nest (hair) sea road (ocean) wave traveler (boat)

17. Ecclesiastical Having to do with the church

18. Epithet A word or phrase, often disparaging or abusive, which expresses a character trait of someone or something

19. Vocation A profession that is often seen as a calling by those who carry it out Examples: minister, teacher, fireman, policeman

20. Since the Anglo-Saxon people had no form of written language in the beginning, they relied on oral tradition to pass down stories and songs.

21. Motif A theme, character type, image, metaphor, or other verbal element that recurs throughout a single work of literature or occurs in a number of different works over a period of time

22. A Brief History Original inhabitants of what is known as England were the Celts, the original Britons Pagan (belief in many gods) Because they didn’t have written language, much of their history is unknown until later

23. The First Invasion of the Celts

24. The Romans... Julius Caesar raided “Britain” in 55 and 54 B.C. Invaded again in the 1 st century and introduced the concept of Christianity

25. The Roman Rule... Lasted for nearly 300 years During this time, commerce flourished Civilization advanced Roman rule crumbled in the fourth and fifth centuries

26. The Romans Built Hadrian’s Wall A great fortification running across the island near the Scottish border Built circa 123 A.D. for protection from invading Picts and Scots Nearly 70 miles long

27. The Second Invasion

28. The Germanic (Danish) Invasions According to history, in 449, the first band of people from the North German plain crossed the North Sea and settled in what is now known as Kent. These people were the Jutes from Jutland.

29. The Germanic Invasion... After the first wave of Jutes came the Angles. Present day England derives its name from the name “Angle-Land” (the name of the southeastern part of the island).

30. The Germanic Invasions Following the Jutes and the Angles, the next invaders were the Saxons. Known as the “hook- men” or “swords- men.”

31. The Three Tribes Combined to Create Anglo-Saxon England

32. What Were the Anglo- Saxons Like? Hardy Athletic Wandering Fierce in personal valor Pagan Sea-Faring Loyal to leader and tribe Ruled by fate called “wyrd”

33. Believed in the Norse (Germanic) Gods as part of their superstitions and religious beliefs...

34. Even now, our weekdays are named after their ancient Norse gods... Wednesday for the warlike Woden

35. Thursday for Thor, the god of thunder

36. Friday for Frigga, the goddess of love and the home

37. Anglo-Saxon Lives Divided into tribes and kingdoms Each tribe led by a king or chieftain Followers of these kings were called thanes After hunt and battles, they would gather in a mead hall Entertained by a scop and gleeman Governed themselves democratically Decisions made in meeting called folkmoots - the term now applies a moot point (a question that can be argued)

38. As the Anglo-Saxons had no written language, they relied on the following as a means of literary preservation...

39. The Oral Tradition Defined as a body of songs, stories, and poems preserved by being passed from generation to generation by word of mouth. Often sung by a scop- a traveling storyteller often accompanied by a harp.

40. Elements of Anglo-Saxon Literature Composed in Old English Each line is divided by a caesura Incorporates kennings Usually includes a blend of pagan and Christian elements