1. Nations and Society

2. Ethnicity, Nationality, Citizenship  Ethnicity – specific attributes and societal institutions that make people culturally different from one another –Ascription – institutionalizing and “passing down” of these attributes at birth –Not inherently political

3. Ethnicity, Nationality, Citizenship  National Identity – institution that binds people together through common political aspirations –Implies a demand for freedom through sovereign self-rule –Nationalism – pride in one’s people, belief in sovereign political destiny

4. Ethnicity, Nationality, Citizenship  Citizenship – individual or group’s relationship to the state –Individual swears allegiance, state provides rights in return –Purely political, the basis for patriotism, or pride in the state itself

5. What Causes Ethnic and National Conflict?  Top-Down View –Conflict is created by elites –Can be prevented by controlling political leaders who are responsible –Use of outside force can be effective  Bottom-Up View –Conflict results from long-standing friction between groups –Use of outside force will be useless

6. Development of Attitudes and Ideology  Political Attitudes – views about the pace and scope of change between freedom and equality –Radicals – dramatic, revolutionary change –Liberals – evolutionary transformation –Conservatives – skeptical of any change in existing institutions –Reactionaries – seek to restore institutions that formerly existed

7. Development of Attitudes and Ideology  Political Ideology – views about the fundamental goals of politics –Liberalism – high priority on economic and personal political freedom –Communism – believes people benefit only from economic equality, not freedom –Social Democracy – strong emphasis on equality, but reserves a role for private ownership and market forces

8. Development of Attitudes and Ideology  Political Ideology – views about the fundamental goals of politics –Fascism – hostile to the ideas of equality and freedom, holds that people and groups can be classified as superior and inferior –Anarchism – rejects the notion of the state altogether for the purpose of achieving true equality and freedom

9. Political Culture  Political Culture – basic norms for political activity in a society –determines what ideologies will dominate a political regime –unique to each country or group

11. Changes in Political Culture  Two arguments: –Political culture is subject to change  Global culture is “coming together” –Modernization –Globalization –Democratization  Post-modern, secular-rational values and self-expressionism will define values and cultures of the future

12. Changes in Political Culture  Two arguments: –Political culture is more resistant to change than other institutions  Cultural identity will supplant ideology as the “dividing line” in global politics  Intense changes in technology, globalization, will force societies to retreat into old identities as a source of constancy and certainty  Sept. 11 th attacks, Rise of Putin in Russia, evidence of this theory?