1. Chem. 1B – 11/5 Lecture

2. Announcements Mastering Chemistry –Chapter 18 Assignment is due 11/17 Today’s Lecture – Electrochemistry (Ch. 18) –Standard Reduction Potential – for half-cell and full cell reactions –Potential Scale and Oxidizing and Reducing Agents –Relating Standard Potential to Free Energy

3. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Example Question –An Ag/AgCl electrode is a common reference electrode. What is the standard potential of a cell made up of a Cu 2+ solution being reduced to Cu(s) and AgCl(s) being reduced to Ag(s)? E°(Cu 2+ + 2e - ↔ Cu(s)) = 0.34 V E°(AgCl(s) + e - ↔ Ag(s) + Cl - (aq)) = 0.22 V What compound is reduced? What compound is oxidized? For the reaction to be spontaneous, E cell ° > 0 What is the balanced reaction and what species must be present at 1 M?

4. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Oxidizing/Reducing Agents –Compounds with large positive or negative E° (standard reduction) values are frequently used in electrochemistry (or in redox titrations) –Example: MnO 4 - - E° (MnO 4 - (aq) + 8H + (aq) + 5e - ) = 1.51 V is frequently used in redox titrations –Why? Because if E° is high, it strongly reduces, which makes it useful for oxidizing a wide variety of compounds (e.g. Cu(s)) –Such a compound is called an oxidizing agent (oxidizes other compounds)

5. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Oxidizing/Reducing Agents – cont. –Products of reduction reactions with large negative E° values (e.g. Li(s), K(s)) are easily oxidized and can therefore reduce other compounds –Example: Al(s) - E° (Al 3+ (aq) + 3e - ) = -1.66 V is capable of reducing transition metals (reaction with iron oxide is in thermite reaction)

6. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Reduction Potential and Oxidation of Metals by Acids –Just as we can see which metals will oxidize or reduce when pairing two metals (Ag/Cu example), we also can see which metals will react in acid to produce H 2 (g) –Metals with E° (standard reduction) < 0 will react with H + –Examples: Fe, Pb, Sn, Ni, Cr, Zn, Al –Metals with E° (standard reduction) > 0 will not react with acid (except with HNO 3 which is a stronger oxidizing agent)

7. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Reducing Potential Questions –Given the table below, which of the following oxidizing agents is strong enough to oxidize Ag(s) to Ag + (aq) (under standard conditions)? a)H + (aq) b) Co 2+ (aq) c) Cu 2+ (aq) d) Co 3+ (aq) e) Br 2 (l) ReactionEº (V) Ag + (aq) + e - ↔ Ag(s)+0.799 Co 2+ (aq) + 2e - ↔ Co(s)-0.277 Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e - ↔ Cu(s)+0.337 Co 3+ (aq) + e - ↔ Co 2+ (aq)+1.808 Br 2 (l) + 2e - ↔ 2Br - (aq)+1.065

8. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Relating Standard Potential to Free Energy –Two measures of the usefulness of a battery (voltaic cell) are: potential (voltage) supplied and charge stored –The combination of these two give the energy stored for electrical work –Stored charge (allows one to calculate lifetime under given current load) = q = nF where n = moles of e - (involved in balanced chemical equation) and F = Faraday’s constant F = charge of a mole of electrons = N A *q electron = (6.02 x 10 23 e’s/mol e)(1.60 x 10 -19 C/e) = 96,485 C/mol e

9. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Relating Standard Potential to Free Energy – cont. –Since we know that potential is energy per charge, we can also determine that energy (in terms of maximum electrical work) = -qE cell ° (negative sign reflects that work is negative if done by the system on the surroundings) –So, w max = -nFE cell ° –In terms of potential energy, w max =  G° –Thus  G° = -nFE cell °

10. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Example problems: A NiCad battery contains 12.0 g of Cd that is oxidized to Cd(OH) 2. How long should the battery last if a motor is drawing 0.421 A? Assume 100% efficiency. (Hint: 1 A = 1 C s -1 ) Calculate the  G° (in kJ/mol) for the following reaction: 2Ag + (aq) + Cu(s) ↔ 2Ag(s) + Cu 2+ (aq), based on E° values given for half reactions on slide 7.

11. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Relating Potential to Non-Standard Conditions: The Nernst Equation –Starting from our equation for non-standard Equilibrium:  G rxn =  Gº rxn + RTlnQ, we can convert this to a potential equation: -nFE cell = -nFEº cell + RTlnQ or if we divide both sides by –nF: E cell = Eº cell - (RT/nF)lnQ E cell = Eº cell - (0.0592/n)logQ (Nernst Equation – valid for T = 25ºC)

12. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Nernst Equation Application Example: Determine the voltage for a Ag(s)/AgCl(s) electrode when [Cl - ] = 0.010 M if Eº = 0.222 V (at T = 25°C)? Note: this is the same as when this electrode is attached to a SHE.

13. Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Nernst Equation Application – Cont. 2 nd Examples: –The following cell, Cd(s)|CdC 2 O 4 (s)|C 2 O 4 2- (aq)||Cu 2+ (aq)1 M|Cu(s) is used to determine [C 2 O 4 2- ]. If Eº for the Cd reaction is -0.522 V (reduction potential for oxidation reaction) and Eº for the Cu reaction is +0.337 V, and the measured voltage is 0.647 V, what is [C 2 O 4 2- ]?