1. Reconstruction SSUSH10

3. Rebuilding v Punishment

4. Reconstruction Plans Presidential Radical Republican (Congressional) ▫ More lenient ▫ Offered amnesty to Southern citizens (not government and military leaders) ▫ Must swear allegiance to U.S. Punish South Reconstruction Act (1867) Second Reconstruction Act 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments

5. Presidential Started by Lincoln, carried on by Johnson Loyal rule in South rather than majority No revenge, no malice, no punishment Readmit states as fast as possible, move forward Allow states to restore infrastructure and governments Amnesty upon simple oath to U.S. Must approve 13 th amendment Create new state constitutions Must repudiate slavery, secession and state debts Amnesty Proclamation Pardon confederate leaders, allow elites to reclaim land

6. Congressional (Radical Republican) Presidential plan not good enough Southern states must meet requirements to rejoin Reconstruction Act (1867) ▫ Reduced seceded state’s claims to conquered territories ▫ Divide south into 5 military zones governed by Union general ▫ Martial law declared ▫ Required states to  draft new constitution,  ratify 14 th amendment  provide suffrage to black people Second Reconstruction Act ▫ Union troops in charge of voter registration

7. Why do the Radical Republicans insist upon these steps? Whose plan is more appropriate, the president or the Congress?

9. Reconstruction effects Built: ▫ Schools  Morehouse College founded in 1867 ▫ Hospitals ▫ African American newspapers African American representatives in government from the South

10. Freedmen’s Bureau Provide essential goods, food, jobs, shelter, training, and medical care for “freedmen” Assisted by Northern abolitionists (“carpetbaggers”) and Southerners (“scalawags”) Land was very tough to come by and so former slaves got stuck in the cycle of sharecropping

11. Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

13. A teacher and elementary school students posing on the steps of the Hill School, ca. late 19th Century. The school was a part of the Christiansburg Institute, which was first opened by the U. S. Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. (Montgomery County, VA)

15. 13 th Amendment Jan. 31, 1865 Banned slavery “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude…shall exist within the United States”

17. 14 th Amendment 1866: blacks granted full citizenship and protection by the federal gov’t

18. 15 th Amendment 1869: black males right to vote Ratification required by all southern states ¾ of states ratify by 1870

19. 15 th Amend effect Changed political status of blacks in U.S. Forced northern states to allow vote as well Women still excluded from vote ▫ Congress afraid if everyone get vote lose support in South and North 700,000 black men registered by 1868 (all declared themselves Republican) & 700,000 landless white males

21. Black Codes Laws passed by southern legislatures to exert control on freed slaves ▫ Limit voting rights  Poll taxes: $ to vote  Grandfather clauses: grandfather had to vote  Literacy tests: must read & pass test to vote ▫ Limit freedoms  arrest and fine unemployed blacks  Must work to pay off fines (chain gangs)  No loitering, no interracial marriage ▫ Banned from owning farmland ▫ Limit work opportunities  Blacks sign labor contracts  Orphaned children forced into apprenticeships

22. Jim Crow Laws Series of laws created by Southern states Separated blacks from whites in prisons, transportation, hospitals, restaurants, & schools Segregation that lasted the next 100 years

24. Ku Klux Klan Tennessee 1866 Created to fight Reconstruction Terrorized African Americans as a way to maintain the segregation of blacks. Harass, beatings, lynching blacks and white republicans Punished blacks who went to voting polls Congress pass Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 – allowed it to be treated like terrorist organization

26. Black Political Power Civic societies and grassroots political organizations created Most led by people who free before the war South Carolina, Louisiana, Florida, Mississippi and Alabama dominated by black voters ▫ Gave Republicans power in those states 14 black politicians elected in House, 2 to Senate

28. Impeaching Andrew Johnson Congress impeached (accused) Johnson for “high crimes and misdemeanors” ▫ He ignored laws that limited his powers ▫ He got in the way of congressional attempts to reconstruct the South ▫ He pardoned former Confederate citizens Johnson did not actually violate Constitution Congress fell one vote short in the Senate of convicting him and removing him from office after a three month trial

29. What does this tell us about the powers of Congress and the president at this time?

31. End of Reconstruction Election 1876 ▫ Democrats want to remove Grant from office ▫ Republicans nominate Rutherford Hayes  Hayes  lost popular election  not enough electoral votes to win  Democrat Tilden  won popular vote  not enough electoral votes Compromise 1877 ▫ Confusing ballots in southern states – disputed votes ▫ No one trusted to count ballots ▫ Special committee says Hayes won – still disputed ▫ Hayes be president if withdrawal of troops from South Reconstruction ended

32. By 1877, had Reconstruction been a success?