1. Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. For test 3: Sections 3.7 and 4.1 to 4.5

2. 2 A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s) The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount SolutionSolventSolute Soft drink(l) Air(g) Soft Solder(s) H2OH2O N2N2 Pb Sugar, CO 2 O 2, Ar, CH 4 Sn aqueous solutions of KMnO 4

3. 3 An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity. A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results in a solution that does not conduct electricity. nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

4. 4 Strong Electrolyte – 100% dissociation NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) H2OH2O Weak Electrolyte – not completely dissociated CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO - (aq) + H + (aq) Conduct electricity in solution? Cations (+) and Anions (-)

5. 5 Ionization of acetic acid CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO - (aq) + H + (aq) A reversible reaction. The reaction can occur in both directions. Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte because its ionization in water is incomplete.

6. 6 Hydration is the process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.   H2OH2O

7. 7 Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity? No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq) H2OH2O

8. 88 3 ways of representing the reaction of H 2 with O 2 to form H 2 O A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction reactantsproducts From Chapter 3 section 3.7

9. 99 How to “Read” Chemical Equations 2 Mg + O 2 2 MgO 2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O 2 makes 2 formula units MgO 2 moles Mg + 1 mole O 2 makes 2 moles MgO 48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O 2 makes 80.6 g MgO NOT 2 grams Mg + 1 gram O 2 makes 2 g MgO From Chapter 3 section 3.7

10. 10 Balancing Chemical Equations 1.Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation. Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water C 2 H 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O 2.Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts. 2C 2 H 6 NOT C 4 H 12 From Chapter 3 section 3.7

11. 11 Balancing Chemical Equations 3.Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one product. C 2 H 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O start with C or H but not O 2 carbon on left 1 carbon on right multiply CO 2 by 2 C 2 H 6 + O 2 2CO 2 + H 2 O 6 hydrogen on left 2 hydrogen on right multiply H 2 O by 3 C 2 H 6 + O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O From Chapter 3 section 3.7

12. 12 Balancing Chemical Equations 4.Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products. 2 oxygen on left 4 oxygen (2x2) C 2 H 6 + O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O + 3 oxygen (3x1) multiply O 2 by 7 2 = 7 oxygen on right C 2 H 6 + O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O 7 2 remove fraction multiply both sides by 2 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O From Chapter 3 section 3.7

13. 13 Balancing Chemical Equations 5.Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation. 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O ReactantsProducts 4 C 12 H 14 O 4 C 12 H 14 O 4 C (2 x 2)4 C 12 H (2 x 6)12 H (6 x 2) 14 O (7 x 2)14 O (4 x 2 + 6) From Chapter 3 section 3.7

14. 14 Precipitation Reactions Precipitate – insoluble solid that separates from solution molecular equation ionic equation net ionic equation Pb 2+ + 2NO 3 - + 2Na + + 2I - PbI 2 (s) + 2Na + + 2NO 3 - Na + and NO 3 - are spectator ions PbI 2 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI 2 (s) + 2NaNO 3 (aq) precipitate Pb 2+ + 2I - PbI 2 (s)

15. 15 Precipitation of Lead Iodide PbI 2 Pb 2+ + 2I - PbI 2 (s)

16. 16 Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.

17. 17 Examples of Insoluble Compounds CdS PbSNi(OH) 2 Al(OH) 3

18. 18 Writing Net Ionic Equations 1.Write the balanced molecular equation. 2.Write the ionic equation showing the strong electrolytes completely dissociated into cations and anions. 3.Cancel the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic equation 4.Check that charges and number of atoms are balanced in the net ionic equation AgNO 3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO 3 (aq) Ag + + NO 3 - + Na + + Cl - AgCl(s) + Na + + NO 3 - Ag + + Cl - AgCl(s) Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chloride.

19. 19 Properties of Acids Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid. Citrus fruits contain citric acid. React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas. React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas Cause color changes in plant dyes. 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) 2HCl(aq) + CaCO 3 (s) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity.

20. 20 Have a bitter taste. Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases. Properties of Bases Cause color changes in plant dyes. Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity. Examples:

21. 21 Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H + (H 3 O + ) in water Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH - in water

22. 22 Hydronium ion, hydrated proton, H 3 O +

23. 23 A Brønsted acid is a proton donor A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor acidbaseacidbase A Brønsted acid must contain at least one ionizable proton!

24. 24 Monoprotic acids HCl H + + Cl - HNO 3 H + + NO 3 - CH 3 COOH H + + CH 3 COO - Strong electrolyte, strong acid Weak electrolyte, weak acid Diprotic acids H 2 SO 4 H + + HSO 4 - HSO 4 - H + + SO 4 2- Strong electrolyte, strong acid Weak electrolyte, weak acid Triprotic acids H 3 PO 4 H + + H 2 PO 4 - H 2 PO 4 - H + + HPO 4 2- HPO 4 2- H + + PO 4 3- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

25. 25 Identify each of the following species as a Brønsted acid, base, or both. (a) HI, (b) CH 3 COO -, (c) H 2 PO 4 - HI (aq) H + (aq) + I - (aq)Brønsted acid CH 3 COO - (aq) + H + (aq) CH 3 COOH (aq)Brønsted base H 2 PO 4 - (aq) H + (aq) + HPO 4 2- (aq) H 2 PO 4 - (aq) + H + (aq) H 3 PO 4 (aq) Brønsted acid Brønsted base

26. 26 Neutralization Reaction acid + base salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O H + + Cl - + Na + + OH - Na + + Cl - + H 2 O H + + OH - H 2 O

27. 27 Neutralization Reaction Involving a Weak Electrolyte weak acid + base salt + water HCN(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCN(aq) + H 2 O HCN + Na + + OH - Na + + CN - + H 2 O HCN + OH - CN - + H 2 O

28. 28 Neutralization Reaction Producing a Gas acid + base salt + water + CO 2 2HCl(aq) + Na 2 CO 3 (aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H 2 O +CO 2 2H + + 2Cl - + 2Na + + CO 3 2- 2Na + + 2Cl - + H 2 O + CO 2 2H + + CO 3 2- H 2 O + CO 2

29. 29 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (electron transfer reactions) 2Mg 2Mg 2+ + 4e - O 2 + 4e - 2O 2- Oxidation half-reaction (lose e - ) Reduction half-reaction (gain e - ) 2Mg + O 2 + 4e - 2Mg 2+ + 2O 2- + 4e - 2Mg + O 2 2MgO

30. 30

31. 31 Zn(s) + CuSO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s) Zn is oxidizedZn Zn 2+ + 2e - Cu 2+ is reducedCu 2+ + 2e - Cu Zn is the reducing agent Cu 2+ is the oxidizing agent Copper wire reacts with silver nitrate to form silver metal. What is the oxidizing agent in the reaction? Cu(s) + 2AgNO 3 (aq) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2Ag(s) Cu Cu 2+ + 2e - Ag + + 1e - AgAg + is reducedAg + is the oxidizing agent

32. 32 Oxidation number The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred. 1.Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation number of zero. Na, Be, K, Pb, H 2, O 2, P 4 = 0 2.In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion. Li +, Li = +1; Fe 3+, Fe = +3; O 2-, O = -2 3.The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. In H 2 O 2 and O 2 2- it is –1. 4.4

33. 33 4.The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these cases, its oxidation number is –1. 6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule or ion. 5.Group IA metals are +1, IIA metals are +2 and fluorine is always –1. HCO 3 - O = – 2H = +1 3x( – 2) + 1 + ? = – 1 C = +4 What are the oxidation numbers of all the elements in HCO 3 - ? 7. Oxidation numbers do not have to be integers. Oxidation number of oxygen in the superoxide ion, O 2 -, is –½.

34. 34 The Oxidation Numbers of Elements in their Compounds

35. 35 NaIO 3 Na = +1O = -2 3x(-2) + 1 + ? = 0 I = +5 IF 7 F = -1 7x(-1) + ? = 0 I = +7 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 O = -2K = +1 7x(-2) + 2x(+1) + 2x(?) = 0 Cr = +6 What are the oxidation numbers of all the elements in each of these compounds? NaIO 3 IF 7 K 2 Cr 2 O 7

36. 36 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Combination Reaction A + B C 3Mg + N 2 MgN 2 Decomposition Reaction 2KClO 3 2KCl + 3O 2 C A + B 00+2-3 +1+5-2+10

37. 37 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Combustion Reaction A + O 2 B S + O 2 SO 2 00 +4-2 2Mg + O 2 2MgO 00 +2-2

38. 38 Displacement Reaction A + BC AC + B Sr + 2H 2 O Sr(OH) 2 + H 2 TiCl 4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl 2 Cl 2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br 2 Hydrogen Displacement Metal Displacement Halogen Displacement Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 0 +1+20 0+40+2 0 0

39. 39 The Activity Series for Metals M + BC MC + B Hydrogen Displacement Reaction M is metal BC is acid or H 2 O B is H 2 Ca + 2H 2 O Ca(OH) 2 + H 2 Pb + 2H 2 O Pb(OH) 2 + H 2

40. 40 The Activity Series for Halogens Halogen Displacement Reaction Cl 2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br 2 0 0 F 2 > Cl 2 > Br 2 > I 2 I 2 + 2KBr 2KI + Br 2

41. 41 Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- CaCO 3 NH 3 + H + NH 4 + Zn + 2HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2 Ca + F 2 CaF 2 Precipitation Acid-Base Redox (H 2 Displacement) Redox (Combination) Classify each of the following reactions.

42. 42 Gravimetric Analysis 1.Dissolve unknown substance in water 2.React unknown with known substance to form a precipitate 3.Filter and dry precipitate 4.Weigh precipitate 5.Use chemical formula and mass of precipitate to determine amount of unknown ion

43. 43 Titrations In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is added gradually added to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete. Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the equivalence point Slowly add base to unknown acid UNTIL the indicator changes color

44. 44 Titrations can be used in the analysis of Acid-base reactions Redox reactions H 2 SO 4 + 2NaOH 2H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4 5Fe 2+ + MnO 4 - + 8H + Mn 2+ + 5Fe 3+ + 4H 2 O

45. 45 CH-3 (part) and 4 HW 45 Questions and Problems Page 91 3.60 & 3.64 4.8, 4.10, 4.12, 4.14, 4.18, 4.20, 4.22, 4.24, 4.32, 4.34, 4.40, 4.42, 4.44, 4.46, 4.48, 4.50 Questions and Problems Pages 129 - 131