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Age of Jefferson Unit IIIA AP United States History
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Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-1809) Plantation and slave owner from Virginia Statesman Assemblyman Declaration of Independence Governor Minister to France Secretary of State Vice-President President Democratic-Republican Founded the party in opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists Kentucky Resolution Inaugural Address “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle... We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” “Renaissance Man” Inventor, philosopher, architect, scientist
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What is Jeffersonianism? Republicanism and Civic Virtue Civic duty Voting and efficacy Right to education Natural Elites Resist corruption Federalism and States’ Rights Ultimate sovereignty in the states and nullification Strict constitutionalist Dominant legislature, weak judiciary Economic coercion over standing armies Yeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtue Agriculture Over Manufacture/Industry Responsibility of subsistence Dependence led to class conflict Empire of Liberty and Foreign Policy America’s responsibility to spread democracy Avoid entangling alliances Society Republican motherhood; absent from politics Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages) Black inferiority and white superiority Separation of Church and State
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Was Jefferson Jeffersonian? Consider the following historical concepts and events in regards to the question… The Federal Judiciary Louisiana Purchase Barbary/Tripoli Pirates Embargo Act of 1807
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First Political Party System (1789-1824) ► Federalists National policies Strong central government Loose constructionists Commerce and manufacturing Urban The rich, the well-born, the able; merchants, bankers Pro-British ► Anti-French revolution Northeast ► Democratic-Republicans States rights Strong local/state governments Strict constructionists Agricultural Rural Small farmers, plantation owners, artisans Anti-British ► Pro-French Revolution West and South Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson
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Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary Midnight Judges Judiciary Act of 1801 Adams (F) last minute federal judicial appointments Marbury v. Madison (1803) Judicial review “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.” – Chief Justice John Marshall Impeachments John Pickering Associate Justice Samuel Chase
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Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase (1803) Napoleon’s Plans Jefferson’s Plan Brokered a deal for $15 million Doubles the size of the United States Federalist opposition Lewis and Clark Expedition
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Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates Washington and Adams Paid bribes to Barbary states to avoid piracy Jefferson Barbary states increase bribes U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched Treaty reached in American favor
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Jefferson and the Embargo Act Napoleonic Wars Britain vs France British and French impressment of Americans HMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake Embargo Act of 1807 Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports Economic impact on Americans
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Election of 1808 James Madison (D-R) Charles Pinckney (F) Federalists gained congressional seats
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James Madison (D-R) (1809-1817) Napoleonic Wars Impressment continues Non-intercourse Act of 1809 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) Western Frontier Alleged British influence on Natives Native wars War of 1812
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Causes of the War of 1812 United States vs. Great Britain British impressment Alleged British influence in the western frontier War Hawks in Congress John C. Calhoun Henry Clay Opposition to War Federalists Old guard Dem-Reps New England and merchants
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War of 1812 British Invasion Chesapeake Campaign Invasion of Washington D.C. Burning of the White House Nature FTW Fort McHenry and Baltimore Star-Spangled Banner and Francis Scott Key
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“Old Ironsides” 42 Wins 0 Losses - Constructed in 1797 - Still in commission
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War of 1812 Battles with Frontier Natives Tecumseh’s War Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) Battle of the Thames (1813) Creek War Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
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End of the War End of Napoleonic Wars Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)
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Hartford Convention (1814) Platform Federal economic assistance for New England 2/3 congressional majority for embargoes, state admission, and declaration of war Rescind the Three-Fifths Compromise One-term president and no same-state successor Talk of secession by radicals After War of 1812 Perceived as traitors Effectively weakened as a national party
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War of 1812’s Impact Growth of nationalism Ushered in an “Era of Good Feelings” Domestic industrial and manufacturing development Emphasis on national infrastructure Promotion of professional military International respect Natives significantly weakened Increased drive to expand west
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Era of Good Feelings Unit IIIB AP U.S. History
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A National Perception Fourth of July Celebration in Centre Square John Lewis Krimmel, 1819
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Era of Good Feelings – POL James Monroe (D-R) (1817-1825)
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Era of Good Feelings – POL The Marshall Court McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Bank of the United States constitutional under “necessary and proper” States could not tax the Bank - Supremacy Clause Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Increased federal government’s interstate commerce authority Chief Justice John Marshall
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Era of Good Feelings – POL The Great Triumvirate WEST Henry Clay of Kentucky SOUTH John C. Calhoun of South Carolina NORTH Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
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Era of Good Feelings – POL Missouri Compromise (1820) Proposed by Henry Clay Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free state Establish Latitude 36 30’ Line North of the line is free South of the line is slave “Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm…I have been among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much.” - Thomas Jefferson, April 13, 1820
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Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
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Era of Good Feelings – WOR Monroe Doctrine (1823) U.S. and Great Britain concerned about European expansion into Americas John Q. Adams authored Points Americas no longer to subject to European colonization Europe must not interfere with sovereignty of independent nations in Americas
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America’s Market Revolution Subsistence farming to market specialization Free enterprise system Capital investment and state charters Development of state and national infrastructure and networks
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America’s Market Economy – WXT Cumberland Road
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America’s Market Economy – WXT Erie Canal
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America’s Market Economy – WXT The Clermont
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America’s Market Economy – WXT Railroad Faster and durable form of transportation Introduced in late 1820s Only small lines between major regional cities
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America’s Market Economy – WXT Telegraph Samuel Morse in 1844 Information becomes widespread Efficient control and administration of politics, business, transportation, markets
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America’s Market Economy – WXT
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America’s Market Economy - WXT
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America’s Market Economy – WXT Innovations Steam engine Interchangeable parts Spinning jenny Cotton gin
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America’s Market Economy: Agriculture and Cotton Evolution of Cotton Technological Advancements Eli Whitney’s cotton gin Improved transportation King Cotton Impact of Improved Agriculture Regional specialization Increased drive for western expansion Increased demand for slavery
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America’s Market Economy: Industry and the Factory System Evolution of Textiles Putting-out system Technological advancements Samuel Slater Lowell System Vertically integrated system Boardinghouses Recruitment of young women Impact of Industrialization Increased output Opportunities for unskilled labor Weakened artisans Increased urbanization Increased American competitiveness
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America’s Market Economy - WXT The American System Henry Clay’s Plan Protective tariffs Develop domestic industries Source of federal revenue including infrastructure projects Tariff of 1816 Rate of 20-25% National bank Facilitate commerce and credit systems Second Bank of the United States (BUS) (1816) Infrastructure National roads, canals, internal improvements Improved transportation connected and expanded markets
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America’s Market Economy – WXT Panic of 1819 Causes Western land speculation War inflation then post-war deflation BUS pursued contractionary monetary policy Aftermath First recession of market economy Northern manufacturers demanded high tariffs Southern farmers demanded low tariffs Westerners criticized speculators and bankers
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United States c. 1824
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