1. Republic to Statehood The development of Texas from Colony, to the 28 th state of the United States of America

2. The Convention of 1836 Where: Where: –Washington-on-the-Brazos Texas Declaration of Independence Texas Declaration of Independence –When? March 2, 1836 Republic of Texas Constitution Republic of Texas Constitution –Both documents were based on the U.S. documents David Burnet – Ad Interim President David Burnet – Ad Interim President Lorenzo de Zavala – Vice President Lorenzo de Zavala – Vice President

3. The Treaties of Velasco Public Treaty… Public Treaty… –The withdrawal of Mexican troops south of the Rio Grande –No more conflict between Mexico and Texas –Exchange of Mexican and Texan POWs Private Treaty… Private Treaty… –Santa Anna was to work for Texas independence –Boundary at the Rio Grande

4. President Sam Houston! Problems facing Houston… Problems facing Houston… –Debt: During the course of the Revolution, Texas borrowed large amounts of money –Native Americans: Losing land by the minute, and not happy about it –Threat of war with Mexico: Independence not honored

5. Houston’s Solution… How does this new nation How does this new nation solve these huge problems? solve these huge problems? Houston’s rationale was to join Houston’s rationale was to join the United States. the United States. –Why would this help?  U.S. could pay off the debt and provide defense –Why would the U.S. be interested?  Manifest Destiny

6. Houston…the State Capital Texas needed a grand city for its new capital…and the city of Houston was born. Texas needed a grand city for its new capital…and the city of Houston was born. Houston didn’t quite live up to its billing however, but it still remained the state capital under Sam Houston. Houston didn’t quite live up to its billing however, but it still remained the state capital under Sam Houston.

7. Houston’s Presidency Annexation – Houston’s first order of business was to seek immediate annexation by the U.S. Annexation – Houston’s first order of business was to seek immediate annexation by the U.S. The U.S. refused initially. The U.S. refused initially. Why? Why? –Texas was going to be a slave state –U.S. does not want war with Mexico

8. Time for Plan “B” Without being able to convince the U.S. to annex Texas, Houston had to find other means to settle the issues plaguing Texas. Without being able to convince the U.S. to annex Texas, Houston had to find other means to settle the issues plaguing Texas. Star Money (promissory notes) Star Money (promissory notes)

9. Houston and the Army Many people came to Texas after the Revolution ended ready to join the Texas effort against Mexico, just to find out the war was over. Many people came to Texas after the Revolution ended ready to join the Texas effort against Mexico, just to find out the war was over. With tensions with Mexico still lingering, these war seekers wanted to reopen the war with Mexico With tensions with Mexico still lingering, these war seekers wanted to reopen the war with Mexico

10. The Duel To prevent Felix Huston from igniting another war with Mexico, Houston tried to replace him with Albert Sydney Johnston, a West Point graduate. To prevent Felix Huston from igniting another war with Mexico, Houston tried to replace him with Albert Sydney Johnston, a West Point graduate.

11. At the time, the Texas Army consisted of volunteers, and Huston challenged Johnston to a duel for command of the army At the time, the Texas Army consisted of volunteers, and Huston challenged Johnston to a duel for command of the army Johnston realized he had top except, or the men would never follow him Johnston realized he had top except, or the men would never follow him He loses, but gets a better job later in life…he will come up again in a couple of weeks. He loses, but gets a better job later in life…he will come up again in a couple of weeks.

12. “Go Home…All of you!” Since President Houston couldn’t rid himself of Felix Huston, he sent the army home, all but about 600. The rest would be “on call” but never needed. Since President Houston couldn’t rid himself of Felix Huston, he sent the army home, all but about 600. The rest would be “on call” but never needed. In doing this Houston did not have to worry about provoking another war with Mexico, and he also was not responsible for paying the excess soldiers. In doing this Houston did not have to worry about provoking another war with Mexico, and he also was not responsible for paying the excess soldiers.

13. Native American Policies Houston was sympathetic to the plight of the Native American Houston was sympathetic to the plight of the Native American During the Revolution Houston had actually worked a treaty with the Native Americans, securing their right to land in East Texas During the Revolution Houston had actually worked a treaty with the Native Americans, securing their right to land in East Texas After the Revolution, this treaty was not upheld, and he had to decide between his allegiances towards the Native Americans, and his responsibilities as the President of Texas. After the Revolution, this treaty was not upheld, and he had to decide between his allegiances towards the Native Americans, and his responsibilities as the President of Texas. The Texas Rangers were reassembled to uphold peace on the frontier The Texas Rangers were reassembled to uphold peace on the frontier

14. Election of 1838 Under the new government, Presidents could not serve consecutive terms Under the new government, Presidents could not serve consecutive terms Mirabeau Lamar, his vice-president, were not on the same page, and Houston recruited people to run against him Mirabeau Lamar, his vice-president, were not on the same page, and Houston recruited people to run against him Both men runnig against Lamar died before the election was final, and Lamar won easily. Both men runnig against Lamar died before the election was final, and Lamar won easily.

15. Mirabeau Lamar The 2 nd President of Texas Texas would be different under the Presidency of Lamar Texas would be different under the Presidency of Lamar The vision of Texas was going to change drastically The vision of Texas was going to change drastically Texas was to be the United States of the West Texas was to be the United States of the West

16. Lamar’s Plan Native Americans- Native Americans- –Lamar did not see eye to eye with Houston in terms of peaceful relations with the Native Americans –His plan was to relocate the Indian Nations to Oklahoma and other reservation areas –Council House Fight: POW Swap goes bad  7 Texans killed – POW’s killed – Raids continued – Battle of Plum Creek

17. Lamar’s Plan Relations with Mexico: Relations with Mexico: –Used Texan navy to help rebels against Santa Anna –Lamar interpreted the Rio Grande border as the entire river; through Santa Fe, Colorado, and north into Wyoming –Santa Fe Expedition: To convince the people of New Mexico that they were part of Texas –The people of Santa Fe were not for this proclamation and the members of the expedition were captured and sent back to Perote, near Mexico City

18. Lamar’s new Capital Lamar capitalizes on the opinions that Houston is not a place fit to be the capital of Texas Lamar capitalizes on the opinions that Houston is not a place fit to be the capital of Texas Lamar sought a place more centrally located Lamar sought a place more centrally located The new capital would be in its present day location, Austin, named after the Father of Texas The new capital would be in its present day location, Austin, named after the Father of Texas

19. Lamar’s Plan Education- Education- –One of the grievances stated in the Declaration was that Mexico did not provide adequate public education –Lamar believed that a strong educational system could create a stronger republic –He provided land for the future establishment of both public schools and TWO universities, Texas A&M, and UT –Father of Texas Education

20. Debt Increases $1 Texan =.12 cents U.S. $1 Texan =.12 cents U.S. –Redbacks – Texan Currency Debt increases to $7 million dollars Debt increases to $7 million dollars –Why?  Santa Fe Expedition  Native American Battles

21. Lamar’s Plan Land Policy – Land Policy – –Texas Constitution stated that every family would receive land based on the following…  4,605 acres: existing families  640 acres: immigrants  320 acres: 3 months served in the Texas Army –Used land grants to…  Attract new settlers  Pay off debt  1836-1845 population increases 34,500–100,000+

22. Sam Houston Again SAM HOUSTON...again 1. Houston wins the presidency again in 1841 and again turns his attention to annexation. However, the vote falls short by 1 in the Senate and annexation is delayed again Texas is involved in a struggle with Mexico and this makes the U.S. nervous as well.

23. President Anson Jones 1844-1845 Involved in the development of the Republic of Texas Involved in the development of the Republic of Texas 1841 – Served under Sam Houston as Secretary of State 1841 – Served under Sam Houston as Secretary of State Supported annexation Supported annexation

24. Relations With Mexico Mexican government offered to recognize Texas independence if they rejected annexation. Mexican government offered to recognize Texas independence if they rejected annexation. Mexico will consider war with the United States. Mexico will consider war with the United States.

25. Annexation to the U.S. Ratified by the U.S. Congress December 29, 1845 Ratified by the U.S. Congress December 29, 1845 Annexation ceremonies on the step of the capitol February 19, 1846 Annexation ceremonies on the step of the capitol February 19, 1846 State government turned over to Governor James Pinckney Henderson State government turned over to Governor James Pinckney Henderson Becomes the 28th state Becomes the 28th state the final act in this great drama is now performed: the Republic of Texas is no more. Farewell Address President Anson Jones