2. THE RENAISSANCE, 1485-1660

3. THE TERM RENAISSANCE THE TERM RENAISSANCE WAS FIRST USED IN THE 19 TH CENTURY TO CHARACTERIZE THE CHANGE THAT BEGAN IN THE TIME OF CHARLEMAGNE AND CONTINUED THROUGH THE 15 TH OR 16 TH CENTURY.

4. THE RENAISSANCE BEGAN IN 14 TH CENTURY ITALY, WHERE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH FINANCED MANY INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC ENDEAVORS.

5. AN INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT KNOWN AS HUMANISM BEGAN TO USE THE LATIN AND GREEK CLASSICS, COMBINED WITH TRADITIONAL CHRISTIAN THOUGHT, TO TEACH PEOPLE HOW TO LIVE AND HOW TO DIE.

6. RENAISSANCE MAN: LEONARDO DA VINCI HE IS THE ULTIMATE RENAISSANCE MAN. HE PIONEERED NEW ARTISTIC TECHNIQUES SUCH AS SFUMATO, A WAY OF SOFTENING SHARP LINES.

7. DA VINCI WAS A SCIENTIST WHO EXPLORED EVERYTHING FROM THE MOVEMENT OF WATER TO HUMAN ANATOMY, AS WELL AS AN ENGINEER WHO DESIGNEDD VARIOUS FLYING AND MILITARY MACHINES.

8. GUTENBERG’S PRINTING PRESS HELPED SPREAD THE NEW KNOWLEDGE, MAKING MORE BOOKS AVAILABLE TO MORE PEOPLE THAN EVER BEFORE.

9. THE SISTINE CHAPEL THE CHAPEL IS NAMED AFTER POPE SIXTUS IV, WHO COM- MISSIONED ITS CONSTRUCTION (1473-81).

10. THE CHAPEL’S INTERIOR WALLS FEATURE FRESCOES DEPICTING EVENTS FROM THE LIFE OF CHRIST AND MOSES, PAINTED BY A NUMBER OF ARTISTS.

11. THE OLD TESTAMENT STORIES ON THE CEILING AND THE LAST JUDGMENT ON THE WALL BEHIND THE ALTAR ARE THE WORKS OF MICHELANGELO. MICHELANGELO ALSO WROTE POETRY, BUT HE IS LESS FAMOUS FOR HIS WRITING.

12. SIR THOMAS MORE HE INSPIRED A NEW LITERARY GENRE, THE UTOPIAN NOVEL.

13. DEFYING CUSTOM, SIR THOMAS MORE TAUGHT LATIN TO HIS DAUGHTER MEG; FEW WOMEN IN RENAISSANCE EUROPE WERE GIVEN ANY KIND OF HIGHER EDUCATION.

14. THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION THIS WAS A TIME OF INTERNAL REFORM IN THE CHURCH, AS WELL AS A TIME OF CXRITICISM FROM THOSE WHO CHOSE TO BREAK AWAY.

15. POPE PAUL III, FOR EXAMPLE, CONVENED THE COUNCIL OF TRENT IN 1545 TO INVESTIGATE THE SELLING OF INDULGENCES, OR RELIGIOUS PARDONS, AND OTHER ABUSES.

16. PROTESTANTISM LUTHER BEGAN THE LUTHERAN CHURCH; SOON OTHERS, INCLUDING THE ANGLICAN, CALVINIST, AND ANABAPTIST FAITHS, SPRANG UP.

17. ALL OF THESE FAITHS,AND THE DENOMINATIONS THAT DEVELOPED FROM THEM, SUCH AS METHODIST, EPISCOPAL, AND PRESBYTERIAN, HAVE COME TO BE CALLED PROTESTANT.

18. STRONG FEELINGS OF PATRIOTISM AND NEW IDEAS COMING FROM THE CONTINENT ENCOURAGED PEOPLE TO QUESTION THE AUTHORITY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND TO OBJECT TO THE FINANCIAL BURDENS IMPOSED ON THEM BY THE POPE IN ROME.

19. KING HENRY VIII IN 1531, REFUSED AN ANNULMENT BY THE POPE, HENRY VIII BROKE WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ROME AND DECLARED HIMSELF HEAD OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH.

20. THIS MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN ENGLAND.

21. KING HENRY VIII’S RULE WAS BOLD AND BLOODY. HE INCREASED ENGLAND’S STRENGTH AND ENSURED ITS SECURITY BY BUILDING UP THE ROYAL NAVY, BUT THOSE CLOSE TO THE KING PAID A HIGH PRICE.

22. KING HENRY’S GREATEST ACCOMPLISHMENT IT WAS THE CREATION OF WHAT WOULD BECOME THE MODERN ADMIRALTY, OR THE GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT IN CHARGE OF THE NAVY.

23. WARS OF THE ROSES THE WARS OF THE ROSES BEGAN IN 1455 AND WERE FOUGHT BY THE RIVAL FAMILIES OF YORK AND LANCASTER. IN 1485, SO MANY BARONIAL FAMILIES WERE EXTINGUISHED

24. THAT THE HIERARCHY OF SUCCESSION TO THE THRONE IN ENGLAND WAS PERMANENTLY ALTERED, ALLOWING HENRY VII TO BECOME KING.

25. BLOODY MARY MARY TUDOR SUCCEEDED HER FATHER HENRY VIII. IMMEDIATELY, SHE KILLED PROTESTANTS (BURNED AT THE STAKE) AND REVERSED HER FATHER’S POLICIES: SHE RESTORED THE POPE’S POWER IN ENGLAND.

26. ELIZABETH: VIRGIN QUEEN ELIZABETH I WAS ONE OF THE MOST BRILLIANT AND SUCCESSFUL MONARCHS IN HISTORY. HER DEEPEST PASSION WAS TO RULE. SHE WOULD NEVER GIVE HERSELF A MASTER—A HUSBAND.

27. MARY STUART QUEEN OF SCOTS SHE WAS ELIZABETH’S COUSIN, NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH BLOODY MARY, HER HALF-SISTER.

28. MARY CLAIMED THE THRONE OF SCOTLAND (INDEPENDENT OF ENGLAND) AFTER HER HUSBAND’S DEATH. HER TIES TO FRANCE (HUSBAND WAS FRANCIS II) AND SPAIN MADE HER A POWERFUL THREAT TO ELIZABETH’S ENGLAND.

29. ELIZABETH I OF ENGLAND HAD HER COUSIN MARY STUART, QUEEN OF SCOTS, BEHEADED AT FOTHERINGAY ON FEBRUARY 8, 1587.

30. IN 1588, THE ENGLISH ROYAL NAVY DEFEATED THE SPANISH ARMADA. THIS STUNNING SEA VICTORY ASSURED ENGLAND’S INDEPENDENCE FROM THE POWERFUL CATHOLIC COUNTRIES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN.

31. ELIZABETH ENCOURAGED AND INSPIRED MANY WRITERS. WITH THE ERA OF PEACE AND PROSPERITY THAT FOLLOWED THE DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA, THE ENGLISH STARTED WRITING AS NEVER BEFORE.

32. THE POLITICAL CLIMATE IN ENGLAND BEGAN TO CHANGE AFTER ELIZABETH’S DEATH. THE END OF THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE IS USUALLY MARKED BY THE RETURN OF THE EXILED KING IN 1660.

33. BY THIS TIME, MORE POLITICAL AND SECULAR VALUES WERE BEGINNING TO CHALLENGE THE ACCEPTED DOCTRINES OF RELIGION.

34. JAMES AND JACOBEAN ENGLAND JAMES VI OF SCOTLAND WAS THE ONLY SON OF MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS, AND HER SECOND HUSBAND, AN ENGLISH NOBLEMAN NAMED LORD DARNLEY.

35. WHEN JAMES SUCCEEDED HIS MOTHER’S COUSIN ELIZABETH AS SOVEREIGN OF ENGLAND, HE WAS CALLED JAMES I BECAUSE HE WAS FIRST TO RULE ENGLAND.

36. THE REIGN OF JAMES IS CALLED THE JACOBEAN PERIOD. JACOBUS IS THE LATIN FORM OF JAMES.

37. QUICK SUMMARY

38. 1.THE TERM RENAISSANCE REFERS TO A REBIRTH OF INTEREST IN THE WRITINGS OF CLASSICAL GREECE AND ROME.

39. 2.NEW CREATIVITY IN THE ARTS FIRST APPEARED DURING THIS ERA IN ITALY.

40. 3.RENAISSANCE HUMANISTS DID NOT REJECT THE BIBLE.

41. 4. THE INVENTION OF PRINTING HELPED MAKE CLASSICAL TEXTS MORE READILY AVAILABLE.

42. 5. IN ALL COUNTRIES WHERE THE REFORMATION OCCURRED, A KEY ELEMENT WAS THE REJECTION OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE POPE.