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Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Civilization: India Culture and Identity 3
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Culture and Society Culture- The shared product of human groups… memorize that! –Culture mediates behavior among members of a society (Culture is found in beliefs and practices of a society) –Culture is learned behavior among people of a culture –The transmission of culture is the primary outcome of the creation of webs –The transmission of culture is called cultural diffusion
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Culture and Webs in Prehistory The evolution and distribution of humans around the globe was more of a biological than cultural phenomenon –Hunters and gatherers evolved cultures within their small societies called bands (20-40 people) –Interaction between bands sporadic and temporary- limited diffusion Developments in Neolithic greatly expanded the numbers and stability sustainable in a society Members within society are interdependent and trade between societies promoted diffusion
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Cultural Webs and Early Civilization Early civilizations expanded their reach through trade and conquest –Cooperation and conflict inspired innovation as well as conservation (promoting change in some areas and continuity in others) –Cultural identity (the feeling of belonging to a group) would become more abstract over the centuries and millennia This process would play out differently in different regions of the world
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Historical Narrative and Culture Historians tend to focus on history rather than prehistory. (That field dominated by anthropologists) Historians often take the concept of culture for granted and freely apply reification in order to make sense out of the history and development of people and nations –Eg. The Religion was less influential among the Chinese… India has a stronger and more rigid system of class… etc
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Culture and Economic Activities Anthropologists often categorize culture and human societies by their dominant and most complex economic activity –Hunter and gatherers –Pastoralists –Agriculturalists –Industrial societies –Post industrial societies
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Hunters and Gatherers Foragers- follow wild animals and eatable wild plants Supported bands of 20-40 Largely equalitarian No trade with other groups Subsistence lifestyle Few isolated pockets of hunters and gatherers in remote regions
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Pastoralists Breed and drive livestock to find available fodder Very mobile- equestrian culture Thrive in lands not suitable for simple agriculture (savannas, plains, tundra, scrub) Would periodically clash and conquer agriculturalists and adopt their culture Pastoralists still exist in some parts of the world today
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Agriculturalists Developed in the Neolithic Revolution Economic productivity spawned surpluses and trade Increasing wealth and economic inequality Specialization- a significant number freed from food production Emergence of government to mediate disputes and protect wealth Trade and literacy Range from subsistence agriculture to highly productive intensive agriculture
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert How and Why Do Societies Change? Human societies are not following a pre- ordained process! Societies tend to be conservative- do what you know Competition or environmental crisis inspires need for change Diffusion and innovation- specialization and trade promote this process The deepening and strengthening of webs quicken the pace of human change
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Evaporation of Cultures Theoretically, there was a significantly greater number of cultures on earth 6000 years ago than exist today As the process of interaction increases cultural webs, cultures and societies merge Contemporary globalization shows the breaking down of cultural differences –This has had a significant reaction in some quarters of the world…
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Culture of Classical India The Indian subcontinent developed a culture much different than that of China –More racial and cultural diversity –Indian cultural identity more a function of religious and caste than China (Race and governing structure) India’s understanding of its early Aryan history (established through oral tradition) would be key in understanding its identity
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Genesis of Indian Culture Pastoralist Aryans (Indo-Europeans) whose ancestors ranged from England and Spain to Iran and India subjugate the descendants of Harrapan culture –Harapan people were darker skinned –This may be the basis of Varna Memory of this period maintained through oral tradition of the Vedic Age (recounting period of Aryan settlement 1500-1000 BCE) –Foundation for Caste (Varna) system
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Class and Society Agricultural societies maintained growing amounts of social inequality Class- system of allocating power, prestige and wealth within a society- maintain order Class can come from a variety of statuses –Ascribed status- born into it –Achieved status- earned by some recognized means The Caste or Varna system developing in India based on a rigid system of class based on ascribed status Key structure supported by the religion that became known in the west as Hinduism
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert India’s Caste System Brahmans- priests and scholars (most privileged) From the mouth of Brahma Kshatriyas Warriors- warriors From the arms of Brahma Vaishyas Merchants and laborors from the thigh of Brahma Shudras Servants from the feet of Brahma Untouchables would eveolve later in Indian society
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Function of Caste in India Preserved social order of Aryan invaders and control over darker races Established order and predictability in society Shared cultural value that promoted stability Establishment of Buddhism in India by Siddhartha Gautama would challenge caste structure for a time Caste system would outlive Buddhist challenge as well as later challenges
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Great Epics and the Evolution of Classical Indian Culture –Aryans .Religious traditions resemble other Indo-European peoples (e.g. Greeks, Romans, Scandinavians etc...) (many gods with specific jobs) –Sanskrit epics of the Vedic Age Rig-Veda-(Veda –knowledge) –Epic Age, 1000-600 B.C.E. Mahabharata, Ramayana The Upanishads- last major work of the epic age –Informed Indian cultural understanding of its place in the cosmos The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Hinduism –Origins in Vedic and Epic Eras –No single founder, develops gradually –Fluid, adaptable –Brahmans Develop abstract aspects of gods Upanishads Tension between ritual and spirituality Brahmans versus gurus
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Hinduism (cont’d) –Brahma – holy essence –Different paths for a good life Yoga Brahmans’ ritual Personal devotion –Dharma Moral law Not prescriptive
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Buddhism –Siddhartha Gautama, born c. 563 B.C.E. Takes to wandering life, asceticism –Four Noble Truths Life is suffering, but it is possible to free yourself from the cycle of suffering though discipline- “Eight fold path” –Escape suffering by renouncing worldly things Achievement of nirvana Dharma- moral consequences –Spread through work of monks Conversion of Ashoka Opposed by brahmans Religion and Culture
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Formative influences –Geography Open to influences from the Middle East Alexander the Great Himalayas Isolating, but passable Mountainous northern areas Deccan Semitropical climate Monsoon rains The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns in Classical India End of formative era, c.600 B.C.E. –From c. 600 to c. 300 B.C.E. plains divided among rulers –Sixteen major states –327 B.C.E., Alexander the Great
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns in Classical India The Mauryan Dynasty –Chandragupta Maurya, 322 B.C.E. Autocratic rule –Ashoka (269-232 B.C.E.) Grandson of Chandragupta Conversion to Buddhism Becomes pacific, vegetarian Infrastructure: roads, hospitals, inns Opposed by Brahmins –Kushans follow end of Mauryan rule
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert India at the Time of Ashoka 269- 232BCE
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Gupta Empire
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Political Institutions Consistent tradition of regionalism –Attempts to hold large areas Mauryan rulers rely on armies Guptas create taxation system, claim divine sanction –In general simple political culture Kautilya is an exception Chandragupta’s chief minister Treatise on politics
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns in Classical India The Guptas –Collapse of Kushan state by 220 C.E. Autocratic rule –Guptas From 320 C.E. Long period of stable rule Overthrown by Huns in 535 C.E.
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Arts and Sciences –Literature Strong traditions of storytelling Drama –University center under Guptas Some borrowing from Greeks –Aryabhatta
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Arts and Sciences (cont’d) –Mathematics Originated “Arabic” system, including zero Negative numbers, square roots –Architecture – stupas –Lively murals
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy and Society Society –Caste system influences many aspects of life –Status of women diminishes –Yet, stress on loving relationships –Children indulged in early years
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy –Strong manufacturing Textiles Steel Guilds, selling from shops –Trade Greater status than in China Trade with East Asia, Middle East, Roman Empire, Southeast Asia Economy and Society
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Indian Influence and Comparative Features Influence –Indian Ocean a hub for contacts –Buddhism carried to China –Influence on Greeks and Romans
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Indian Influence and Comparative Features China and India Compared –Chinese restraint versus Indian sensuality –Sciences Chinese prefer the practical Indians interested in mathematics –Popular worldviews Hindu peasants had more local control Indian merchants more important
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: India and the Wider World Open to influence –Buddhism, spread both east and west – India especially influential in southeast Asia –Most open among classical civilizations
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Eurasian and African Trading Goods and Routes: India and the Global Web
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