2. Unit 2: Organization and Patterns in Life Living Environment, Mr. Graham

3. Periodic Table of Elements

4. What are living things made of?  Living things are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

5. Macromolecules  Macromolecules are large molecules which are built by joining smaller molecules together. The smaller molecules are called monomers, which join together to form polymers.

6. Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules Organic – Contains both C and H Inorganic – Doesn’t contain both C and H  Examples: Carbohydrates (Sugars) Lipids (Fats) Proteins Nucleic Acid (RNA, DNA)  Examples: Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) Salts (i.e. NaCl) Minerals

7. Four Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Lipids (Fats)  Proteins  Nucleic Acid

8. Building large molecules of life  Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers  Big molecules built from little molecules polymers

9. Building large organic molecules  Small molecules = building blocks  Bond them together = polymers

10. Making and Breaking of POLYMERS  Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up) Short polymer Unlinked monomer Remova l of water molecul e Longer polymer

11. Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid –

12. Example of synthesis amino acidsprotein amino acids = building block protein = polymer  Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

13. How to take large molecules apart  Hydrolysis (Digestion) taking big molecules apart getting raw materials  for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP)  for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

14. Making and Breaking of POLYMERS  Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis ( hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split) Addition of water molecule

15. Example of digestion starchglucose ATP  Starch is digested to glucose

16. Carbohydrates – breads, pastas, and potatoes.  Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.  There are three main types of carbohydrates. Monosaccharide - glucose Disaccharides - sucrose Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

17. Carbohydrates  Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars

18. Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

19. BIG carbohydrates  Polysaccharides large carbohydrates  starch energy storage in plants  potatoes  glycogen energy storage in animals  in liver & muscles  cellulose structure in plants  cell walls  chitin structure in arthropods & fungi  exoskeleton poly = many

21. Cellulose  Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose  that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients  cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material moving in your intestines

22. Proteins  Proteins have many different functions. Proteins are build from individual units called called an amino acid.  Examples include: Enzymes – catalyze chemical reactions. Antibodies (immune system) – protect the body from pathogens. Hormones – chemical messengers. Receptor Molecules – cellular communication

23. pepsin For proteins: SHAPE matters! collagen  Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell!  Different shapes = different jobs hemoglobin growth hormone

24. It’s SHAPE that matters!  Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape  Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature”  temperature  pH folded unfolded “denatured ” In Biology, it’s the SHAPE that matters!

25. Amino acids can be linked by peptide bonds  Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis  The bonds between amino acid monomers are called peptide bonds Dehydrati on synthesis Amino acid PEPTIDE BOND Dipeptide

26. Lipids  Function: energy storage  very concentrated  twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membranes cushions organs insulates body  think whale blubber!

27. Lipids  Examples fats oils waxes Steroid hormones  sex hormones testosterone (male) estrogen (female)

28. 2003-2004 Saturated fats  Most animal fats solid at room temperature  Limit the amount in your diet contributes to heart disease deposits in arteries

29. 2003-2004 Unsaturated fats  Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room temperature  the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together  Better choice in your diet

30. Nucleic Acids  DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.  Nucleotides are the monomer of nucleic acids.

31. Nucleic acids  Building block = nucleotides  5 different nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  A, T, C, G, U nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide phosphate sugar N base Nitrogen bases I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!

32. Nucleotide chains  Nucleic acids nucleotides chained into a polymer  DNA double-sided double helix A, C, G, T  RNA single-sided A, C, G, U phosphate sugar N base phosphate sugar N base phosphate sugar N base phosphate sugar N base strong bonds RNA

33. Indicators – a substance that changes color in the presence of a specific chemical.  Lugol’s Solution (Iodine) Tests for starch  Benedict’s Solution Test for monosacchrides (i.e. glucose)  Litmus Paper Tests for Acids and Bases  Bromothymol Blue Test for Carbon Dioxide

34. Lugol’s Solution  Yellow = no starch  Brown/Black = starch

35. Benedict’s Solution  Blue = no glucose  Brown = glucose  The solution with Benedict’s solution MUST be heated for 3-5 minutes in order to properly conduct this test. Negative Test Positive Test

36. Bromothymol Blue  Blue = basic (> 7.6)  Green = neutral (~7.0)  Yellow = acidic (< 6.0)

37. DNA  Double strand twists into a double helix Weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands  A pairs with T A :: T  C pairs with G C :: G the two strands can separate when our cells need to make copies of it weak hydrogen bonds