1. Bell Work: Please pick up the handout from the back table and sit in your assigned seat. Take a few minutes to tell me everything your can about the artifact on the paper (at least 7 unique things).

2.  Bell Work: Document Analysis – Thinking as a Historian  Lecture: Turning Points in Early American History  Evaluating Arguments: “The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race” (Diamond) Essential Question: What was it really like in 10,000 BCE? How did the Neolithic Revolution change the course of history? Homework: Read AMSCO Chapter 1 and complete Multiple Choice #1-10 on pgs. 12-14.

4.  Who do you think created or published this document?  Serial Number, National Crest, Hammer and Sickle, etc.  What bias might they have about the topic of this document?  Happy farmers, lots of technology, serene backdrops, etc.

5.  When was the document written, printed, or published?  Automobiles, power lines, machine gun, etc.  Under what circumstance was the document created?  Size, material, writing in two languages, etc.

6.  For whom was the document created?  Persuasive imagery, second language, etc.

7.  Why was the document created?  Medium of Exchange, method of propaganda, etc.

8.  What does it mean?  Illustrates govt.’s desired view of their country, seek economic interaction, etc.  How would it be received?  Persuasive depiction of cultural values, political views, etc.  How could it be useful?  Illustrates presence of communism, importance of modernization, influence of Buddhism, connections with the West, etc.

9. Key Concepts 1.1 and 1.2

10.  What is the evidence that explains the earliest history of humans and the planet? Humans first appeared on Earth during the Paleolithic Era. The evidence of burial grounds, as well as stone tools and other items explains this. They show a general migration path from Africa outwards. These tools show that the groups were hunter-foragers and nomadic.  What are the theories that interpret this evidence? Anthropologists infer through analogy between modern hunter-forager societies.

11.  Tools can illustrate much about the habits, diet, and interaction between early humans.  Bone fragments, based on how they are worn, can indicate things like posture, which in turn can illustrate lifestyle and habits.

12.  Even with radiocarbon dating this is a tough question to answer.

13.  Hominid  primate family; appeared about 7 million years ago  All hominids are warm-blooded, furry, four limbed mammals  Share 98% of DNA with apes

14.  Unlike other primates all hominids:  Are Bipedal  Are capable of abstract thought, profound emotions, and fine motor movements  Have a larynx capable of speech

16.  Is this really a turning point in human history? Why or why not?

17.  Describe earliest humans’ technology & tools. The humans used fire as a main tool everywhere, from hunting and foraging, as well as for defense and warmth. The earlier human’s used a variety of stone weapons for their specific environments and food they hunted.

18.  What were the earliest humans’ religious beliefs and practices? Neanderthals who lived in the Northern and Western areas of Eurasia, during the Pleistocene epoch, in the time of the last Ice Age, looked very similar to modern humans. Many of their earliest beliefs were in spirits, no real concept of gods. The beliefs were animistic in nature.  How did the earliest humans’ society help them procure enough supplies to survive? Each band of hunter-foragers had specific duties assigned to a group of people to make what they needed for survival. However, exchanges in items and ideas between these groups were common. C. Economic structures focused on small kinship groups of hunting-foraging bands that could make what they needed to survive. However, not all groups were self- sufficient; they exchanged people, ideas, and goods.

19.  Food Gathering  Mostly vegetable. 1 Sq. Mile for 2 people  Tool Making  2 million to 4,000 years ago used stone tools (also bone and wood)  Hunting: meat choppers  hand axes  Knives, spears, bows and arrows (7 hrs. every 3 days)

20.  Gender Divisions  Men  Hunting  Women  Gathering  Family Life:  Size of clans  20-50 people  Two-parent family  Why did this become necessary?

21. KEY CONCEPT 1.2 - THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION AND EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES (10,000 BCE - 600 BCE)  What were the long-term demographic, social, political, and economic effects of the Neolithic Revolution? The societies that were founded in the Neolithic Revolution were the foundation of the River Valley civilizations.  How did pastoral societies resemble or differ from early agricultural societies? Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic Revolution? Differences: ~ Pastoral societies were smaller and more mobile than early agricultural societies ~ Pastoralism focused more on hunting and gathering, while early agricultural societies depended more on the same soil… ~ Pastoral societies adapted far better to their environment as they could move Similarities: ~ Both developed animal husbandry ~ Pastoralism persisted in areas that could not sustain long-term agricultural pursuits, such as areas with unfavorable climates and unreliable sources of pastures, food sources, and water.

22. I. BEGINNING ABOUT 10,000 YEARS AGO, THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW AND MORE COMPLEX ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS  How did the Neolithic Revolution affect human societies economically & socially? The Neolithic Revolution began the era of permanent societies. ~ Due to the closed nature of society, the demography of farmers was less diverse than of the demography of herders as they mostly mated within their population ~ Gender roles became more prevalent ~ The reliance on the limited amount of land they had gave way to political organization ~ Less variety in terms of food which affected the overall health of the farming society’s citizens ~ Political organization caused social organization which was divided by amount of property and power.

23.  Benefits and Risks?  Violent or peaceful process?  Expansion = surpluses and slow rate  Importance of private property  Wealth determined by land ownership  Rise of Institutions  Nuclear families (no), kinship networks (yes)  Women’s status  as their role in food acquisition diminishes

24.  Where did the Neolithic Revolution first transform human populations? Asia – Indus River Valley, Fertile Crescent, Huang He River Valley Americas – High Andes to Amazon River Basin Africa - Egypt, the Nile River Valley. Pacific Islands – New Guinea Europe - Northern Europe A. Possibly as a response to climatic change, permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. Agriculture emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River or Huang He Valley, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes.

25. B. PASTORALISM DEVELOPED AT VARIOUS SITES IN THE GRASSLANDS OF AFRO-EURASIA.  What is pastoralism?  Why would any group of people choose that lifestyle?  Does anyone live that way today?

26. Why not shift to a sedentary, agricultural lifestyle? Cultural Tradition Poorly suited environment Not healthier Not easier Not as varied a diet

27. C. DIFFERENT CROPS OR ANIMALS WERE DOMESTICATED IN THE VARIOUS CORE REGIONS, DEPENDING ON AVAILABLE LOCAL FLORA AND FAUNA.  What various crops & animals were developed or domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution?  The trinity: maize, beans, and squash  Rye, wheat, barley  Potato  Teff  Rice  Quinoa  Various marine animals, snails  Sheep, goats, yaks, llamas

28.  Animal Domestication  Dog first, then sheep, goats, cattle, water buffalo, pigs  Selective Breeding  Mixed farming and herding  Largely determined by environmental factors

29. D. AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES HAD TO WORK COOPERATIVELY TO CLEAR LAND AND CREATE THE WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS NEEDED FOR CROP PRODUCTION.  Irrigation projects required cooperation, organization, and control.  Swidden Agriculture – Utilizing crop rotation to improve yield  Slash-and-Burn Agriculture – Burning dormant fields to add nutrients back into the soil  How would these new innovations require cooperation?

30.  What were the environmental effects of the Neolithic Revolution?  Soil was overused.  Deforestation occurred to make more land available for agriculture  Overgrazing  Animals became more suited to human needs due to animal husbandry E. These agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when overgrazed.

31. A. PASTORALISM AND AGRICULTURE LED TO MORE RELIABLE AND ABUNDANT FOOD SUPPLIES, WHICH INCREASED THE POPULATION.  What effects did pastoralism & agriculture have on the food supply? At first the food supply was unreliable due to a lot of energy devoted to crop production The food supply slowly became more reliable and created surplus In certain regions of the world, food options were limited  What were the social effects of the increased food supply caused by increase of agriculture? Created class distinctions, the people with more land and therefore more food were on the higher end of the social hierarchy  Increased population  More leisure time  Feasting increased loyalty to leadership

32. B. SURPLUSES OF FOOD AND OTHER GOODS LED TO SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR, INCLUDING NEW CLASSES OF ARTISANS AND WARRIORS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELITES. What labor adjustments did humans make in order to facilitate the Neolithic Revolution?  Increased reliance on female labor  Had to produce more crops to make up for the energy used for farming  (Work was harder) – Hunter-Gatherers generally required 4 hours of labor every 48 hours to survive

33. C. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS LED TO IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, TRADE, AND TRANSPORTATION. What technological innovations are associated with the growth of agriculture?  Preservation of food surplus, created granaries and store houses  Irrigation  City planning  Domestication/animal husbandry

34.  Religion  Shift to focus on Earth Mother, Sky God, and ancestor cults  Language  Likely necessitated out of trade (Similarity in language groups)  Political Systems  Surpluses and private property meant the need for protection and order, leading to the rise of governments, legal systems, and professional militaries  Economics  Surpluses and tool innovation allowed for more specialization of labor; this in turn led to social hierarchies in which some occupations were deemed more important than others

35.  Due to the nomadic nature of early people, societies were beginning to limit their families by regulating who could mate with whom because large families were unsuitable for their pastoral lifestyle.  As nomadic societies began fighting over land and resources, the role of men became enhanced as they not only fought over land but also over mating partners. At the same time, due to this, women were also becoming more valuable in society as more men were being sent off to war.  On the whole, male domination was becoming the norm in society. It could have been due to several things including hunting and food distribution, which only males would do. This also created a type of work specialization, since women were almost forced to gather while men hunted.  As societies slowly began to focus more on agriculture rather than hunting and gathering, social classes began to develop and solidify, which can be seen through the inequalities in burials during this time. Lower classes often has simple burials with very little in the way of ornamentation while the elites and higher classes had elaborate burials with jewels, carvings and other “expensive” pieces. D. In both pastoralist and agrarian societies, elite groups accumulated wealth, creating more hierarchical social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organization.

36.  Why did so many adopt Agriculture? End of the Pleistocene Epoch brought the Holocene (global warming period)  Why did others still reject agriculture? Pastoralism ruled in N. America, Australia, and Northern Eurasia  Demographic Shifts: 2 million people 13,000 years ago, 50-100 million people 7,000 years ago.  For the first time, humans dominated and controlled their environment, beginning the process of species loss, destruction of arable land, and altered traits in species

37. Read AMSCO Chapter 1 and complete Multiple Choice Questions #1-10 on pgs. 12-14 (due tomorrow). Also, get Student Information Sheet signed.