2. Families on the Periodic Table Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into families bases on their chemical properties.

3. Periods of the Periodic Table: The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7 This represent the amount of orbitals that an element has.

4. How many orbitals do the following elements have? 1. Hydrogen (H) 1. Carbon (C) 1. Cesium (Cs) 2. Lead (Pb)

5. Groups of the Periodic Table: The vertical columns are called groups - These represent the amount of valence electrons in the outer shell of an element. (Ex. IA, IIA, IVA)

6. How many valence electrons do the following elements have? 1. Magnesium (Mg)- 2. Phosphorus (P)- 3. Xenon (Xe)- 4. Carbon (O)-

7. Hydrogen Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own. Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas. Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles

8. ALKALI METALS Group I A Hydrogen is not a member, it is a non-metal 1 electron in the outer shell Soft and silvery metals Very reactive, esp. with water Conduct electricity

9. ALKALINE EARTH METALS Group II A 2 electrons in the outer shell White and malleable Reactive, but Less than Alkali metals Conduct electricity

10. TRANSITION METALS Groups 3-12 Good conductors of heat and electricity. Some are used for jewelry. The transition metals are able to put up to 32 electrons in their second to last shell. Can bond with many elements in a variety of ways.

11. OXYGEN FAMILY or Chalcogens Group VI A 6 electrons in the outer shell Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals Reactive

12. Halogens Group VII A 7 electrons in the outer shell All are non-metals Very reactive are often bonded with elements from Group 1 Are known as “salt formers” because they combine with Alkaline Metals

13. Metalloids Are very brittle, but are metallic in appearance They are the division between metals and non-metals They are semiconductors

14. Noble Gases Group VIII A Exist as gases Non-metals 8 electrons in the outer shell so it is considered FULL Helium (He) has only 2 electrons in the outer shell = Full Does not combine with other elements

15. Rare Earth Metals Some are Radioactive The rare earths are silver, silvery- white, or gray metals. Conduct electricity