1. IB Environmental Class Notes Linked Table of Contents To go to a lesson, right click on lesson name and choose “open hyperlink”. See page 2 for more lessons 1.1.1 Systems and Synergy 1.1.1-.3 Systems 1.1.4 and 2.5.4 Thermodynamics nutrient cycles1.1.4 and 2.5.4 Thermodynamics nutrient cycles 1.1.6 Positive and Negative Feedback 2.1.1-2.1.5 Ecosystems 2.1.7 Population Interactions 2.2 Measuring Abiotic Components of the System2.2 Measuring Abiotic Components of the System 2.2.2 Abiotic factors in Marine Ecosystems2.2.2 Abiotic factors in Marine Ecosystems 2.3.1 Taxonomy and Classification 2.3.2 Abundance of organisms 2.3.5 Simpson’s Diversity Index 2.4.1 Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems2.4.1 Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems 2.4.1-2 Biomes 2.5.4Carbon Cycle2.5.4Carbon Cycle 2.5.5-7Productivity2.5.5-7Productivity 2.6.1-4, 2.1.7 Population Dynamics 2.6.1-2 Populations2.6.1-2 Populations 2.6.5-.7 Succession 3.1.1-.2 Human Pop Growth 3.1.3 Age Sex Pyramids 3.1.4 Demographic Transition 3.2.1-.7 Natural Capital 3.3.2 Nuclear Energy 3.4 The Soil System 3.5 Food Resources 3.6.1 The Earth’s water budget 4.1.1 Biodiversity 4.1.2-.4 Natural Selection Evolution of mammals4.1.2-.4 Natural Selection Evolution 4.2.2-.4 Causes of Extinction

2. IB Environmental Class Notes Linked Table of Contents (cont.) To go to a lesson, right click on lesson name and choose “open hyperlink”. 4.2.5 Red List Criteria4.2.5 Red List Criteria 4.2.6Case histories of Species and Natural Area4.2.6Case histories of Species and Natural Area 4.3 Conservation of Biodiversity4.3 Conservation of Biodiversity 5.1.1-.2 Point and non-point source Pollution 5.1.3 Pollution from Fossil Fuels5.1.3 Pollution from Fossil Fuels 5.2 Detection and Monitoring of Pollution5.2 Detection and Monitoring of Pollution 5.3 Approaches to Pollution Management5.3 Approaches to Pollution Management 5.4 Eutrophication5.4 Eutrophication 5.5 Solid domestic Waste5.5 Solid domestic Waste 5.6 Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone5.6 Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone 5.7 Urban Air Pollution5.7 Urban Air Pollution 5.8 Acid Deposition5.8 Acid Deposition 6.1.1 Global Warming6.1.1 Global Warming 7.1.1-.6 Environmental Value Systems-Sustainable Living

3. 1.1.1 Systems and Synergy

4. What do these, and the previous pictures, have in common?

5. They are all Systems

6. What is the meaning of the word system?

7. A system is something that: Is made up of individual component parts that work together to perform a particular function A bicycle is an example of a system

8. But if the parts of the bicycle are piled up in the middle of the room, they cease to work together and thus stop being a system

9. So a system could be...?

10. A building a flower an atom a political party a car your body furniture an electric circuit So a system could be...?

11. SYNERGY One of the most fascinating characteristics of any and all structures is the characteristic called SYNERGY

12. SYNERGY Synergy is: The only word in any language that describes the behaviour of systems in this way: “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

13. Another way to say this is : Even if you know all the parts that make up a system you still cannot know or even predict how the whole system is going to behave or work. Can you give an example of this??

14. The Human Body If you take all the stuff that makes up a person, you would find that we are made up of: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Water, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Iron and many other elements.

15. You could never be able to explain YOUR behaviour or all the things that YOU do, or all the different aspects of you, if you looked at just the stuff that makes you up. Never in a million years. This is what we mean by SYNERGY.

16. Even if you looked at the next level up…the Cell Even if you knew what all the cells in your body do, you still could not describe YOU. Something very unique and new and unpredictable happens when the parts of a system work together.

17. Try this Puzzle. Using 6 sticks, all the same length, make 4 triangles, each with sides the length of the stick Hint #1: Think in a new way. Synergy has new and unique ways of changing things. Making them unexpected, unpredictable

18. Hint #2 Think in 3-D

19. Ready for the Answer? The Answer is….

20. The Tetrahedron

21. The Tetrahedron is the Simplest Structural System in the Universe The Tetrahedron- made of 6 sticks, 4 equilateral triangles, all 60 degrees, each vertex is part of 3 triangles the strongest structure for its volume and Surface area. Eg; diamonds

22. Synergy Even in the simple tetrahedron we have synergy. Because until the last stick or strut or member or piece or whatever you call it is added there is no structure at all. It would collapse. Try it!!! Imagine all the synergy going on in your body which is much more complex than a tetrahedron.

23. Another example of synergy Ordinary Table Salt (NaCl, Sodium Chloride) Synergy: The behaviour of whole systems that is unpredicted by knowing the behaviour of the individual parts taken separately Na (sodium) is a metal, highly reactive in water, explosive, burns with a yellow flame. Cl (chlorine) is a deadly greenish gas. Both of these elements when taken separately are poisonous and deadly BUT

24. SALT When combined, we witness synergy. Two deadly substances combine to produce something that we cannot live without. Something unique and new and unpredictable happens when two or more things come together and work together

25. Atoms combine together to form structural systems The behaviour of the table salt is totally unpredictable by simply knowing the behaviour of the individual parts. All nature, all systems, all structures display synergy. The Universe is the Synergy of Synergies.

26. Another interesting aspect of Synergy When we understand how the parts of a structure interact together to make something new and unique and unpredictable, we can also see that when we bring together ideas from different areas, such as math, art, music, science they will have a synergetic effect. That is, they provide the potential for great new discoveries.

27. Discovery One great truth about discovery is that, “One discovery often leads to further discoveries”

28. Bring different ideas Together One of the best places to find ideas for structural systems is in NATURE. Nature always uses the most economical, efficient and reliable structural systems

29. Ecosystems Ecological Systems Ecological Systems follow the laws of synergy as well. It is the interrelationships between the parts that produces the behaviour of the whole.

30. 1.1.1-.3 Systems

31. Environmental Systems and Societies Interrelationships among climate, geology, soil, vegetation, and animals.

32. A System Is an organized collection of interdependent components that perform a function and which are connected through the transfer of energy and/or matter All the parts are linked together and affect each other.

33. Why use Systems Concept Why do we use Systems? Useful for understanding and explaining phenomena A holistic approach that can lead to a deeper understanding and possibly to further discoveries

34. Characteristics of Systems What are the characteristics? Component parts (reservoirs, storages, stocks, accumulations) Processes (flows, transformations, transfers, reactions, photosynthesis, respiration) Negative feedback mechanism for maintaining equilibrium Eg, circulatory system –heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, blood cells, plasma etc –pumping of the blood, blood pressure, nutrient exchange, vasodilation etc

35. Why Models Why models? The real thing is not available or it’s impractical Too rare, too complex, too big, too expensive

36. What is a Model? What is a model? A representation or a simulation, could be conceptual, physical, mathematical

37. How to evaluate a model? Does it explain past observations Does it agree with other models Does it predict accurately

38. Models “You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.” R Buckminster Fuller

39. A system has properties and functions NOT present in the individual components. The whole (system) is greater than the sum of the parts. Properties of the whole (system) CANNOT be predicted with the study of the parts on their own. This is called “Synergy”

40. Synergy and Systems Synergy is the only word in our language that means behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the separately observed behaviors of any of the system’s separate parts or any subassembly of the system’s parts. There is nothing in the chemistry of a toenail that predicts the existence of a human being.

41. 1. OPEN SYSTEM : a system in which both matter and energy are exchanged across boundaries of the system. Systems are defined by the source and ultimate destination of their matter and/or energy.

42. 2. CLOSED SYSTEM : a system in which energy is exchanged across boundaries of the system, but matter is not.

43. 3. ISOLATED SYSTEM : a system in which neither energy nor matter is exchanged across boundaries of the system. NO SUCH SYSTEM EXISTS!!! Most natural living systems are OPEN systems.

44. Two basic processes must occur in an ecosystem: 1.A cycling of chemical elements. 2.Flow of energy. TRANSFERS: normally flow through a system and involve a change in location. TRANSFORMATIONS: lead to an interaction within a system in the formation of a new end product, or involve a change of state.

45. Components of a system: 1.Inputs such as energy or matter. Calories Protein Human Body

46. 2. Flows of matter or energy within the systems at certain rates. Human Metabolism Calorie s Protein

47. 3.Outputs of certain forms of matter or energy that flow out of the system into sinks in the environment. Calories Protein Human Metabolism Waste Heat Waste Matter

48. 4. Storage areas in which energy or matter can accumulate for various lengths of time before being released. Calories Protein Human Metabolism fat insulation muscle fiber hair, nails enzymes

49. Inputs and Outputs

51. energy input from sun PHOTOSYNTHESIS (plants, other producers) energy output (mainly heat) nutrient cycling RESPIRATION (hetero & autos, decomposers)

53. SUSTAINABILITY is the extent to which a given interaction with the environment exploits and utilizes the natural income without causing long-term deterioration to the natural capital.