1. AIM: to what extent do borders have an impact on the politics and rule of a state? Nation Sovereign state State Country Nation State Territory Colony Frontier

2. Aim: to what extent have Supranationalistic organizations had an impact on the world? 3 or more states

3. However… United Kingdom Unitary States

4. Federations Canada!? Sudan and Venezuela ; yeah right! UAE?

5. Confederations Canada Switzerland … I guess. UAE? EU formerly the EEC etc.

6. Supranationlism

7. EU

9. Warsaw Pact & NATO

10. BTW, you can tell who runs countries located along the Sahel.

11. BTW

12. Complete Anarchy Somalia Various Frontiers

13. OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

14. NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

15. OAU

16. Aim: why does “Gerrymandering” have a massive impact on the democratic process?

17. Voting Districts The manipulation of voting districts; not always bad… but… Elbridge Gerry, 1812, MA. Not a salamander in this version.

22. How Gerrymandering Works 10 seatsPop = 10 million

23. Texas Pop: 26 million 11.5 million Anglos 10.5 million Latinos 3 million African- Americans 1 million Asians & Other 2008: 44% voted for Democrats 32 Congressional districts 23 Republicans 21 White Republicans 2 Latino Republicans 9 Democrats 3 African-American Democrats 4 Latino Democrats 2 White Democrats How do you think the congressional seats are divided up?

24. Texas Pop: 26 million 11.5 million Anglo Whites 10.5 million Latinos 3 million African- Americans 1 million Other 2008: 44% voted for Democrats 32 Congressional districts 23 Republicans 21 White Republicans 2 Latino Republicans 9 Democrats 3 African-American Democrats 4 Latino Democrats 2 White Democrats Texas just gained two Electoral College votes while New York lost two. Where are the Latinos?

25. In Texas Anglo Republicans vs. Anglo Democrats = wasted vote. Anglo Republicans vs. African-Americans = excess vote Anglo Republicans vs. Latinos = stacked vote R D Anglos 8.5 3 Latinos 4.5 6 Af-Amer 0.2 2.8 Asians 0.8 0.2 14 12 Latinos should dominate the Texas Democratic Party The unholy alliance?

30. BTW… recognize these three?

31. FIN

32. Internal Borders Unitary vs. Federal States See next slides

36. Candidate countries