1. Road Map What is Tampering?? Three kinds of tampering would be possible for videos What is Watermark?? Integrated Services Digital network (ISDN)

2. What is Tampering?? Tampering involves the deliberate altering or adulteration of Information Product Package System.

3. Three kinds of tampering would be possible for videos Spatial tampering. Temporal tampering. Spatio-temporal tampering.

4. Spatial Tampering In spatial tampering malicious alterations are performed on the content of the frames (X-Y axis). The operations that can be done as tampering attack in spatial tampering are 1. cropping and replacement, 2. morphing, 3. content (object) 4. adding and removing etc.

5. Temporal Tampering In temporal tampering manipulation is performed on the sequence of frames. Temporal tampering attacks are mainly affecting the time sequence of visual information, captured by video recording devices. The common attacks in temporal tampering are 1. frame addition, 2. frame removal and 3. frame reordering or shuffling.

6. Spatio-Temporal Tampering Spatio-temporal tampering attacks are the combination of the both kinds of tampering attacks. Frame sequences are altered as well as visual contents of the frames are modified in the same video.

7. What is Watermark A watermark is a recognizable image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected light, atop a dark background), caused by thickness or density variations in the paper.

8. Digital Watermark A digital watermark is a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise-tolerant signal such as audio or image data. It is typically used to identify ownership of the copyright of such signal.

9. Digital Watermark "Watermarking" is the process of hiding digital information in a carrier signal. Source: wikipedia.com www.intraligi.com

10. Digital Watermarking Detection Operation Digital watermark is called fragile if it fails to be detectable after the slightest modification. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing10 Watermarked video Processing Detection Mask Generator Water mark found Detection or Correlates Watermark Key Extraction of Message NO Extraction of Message No YES

11. Cont… VIDEO STREAMING AND TRANSMISSION It is process of capturing information over the transmission medium. It deals with a lot of high definitions and low storage media videos are transmitted over various communication channels as Internet. Various new kinds of video formats have been introduced that require data rates for streaming and transmission. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing11

12. VIDEO BIOMETRICS Video biometric is a new dimension in biometric security features. It is a pattern based system which recognize the person based on their feature vector. The feature vector is stored in database. Goal of video biometrics It explores new possibilities in object detection and identification recognition of individuals. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing12 en.wikipedia.orgen.wikipedia.org -

13. Improvement over Video Quality 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing13

14. Video players, video Scaler and other devices 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing14 A video scaler is a device for converting video signals from one size or resolution to another. "up scaling" or "up converting" a video signal from a low resolution. Source: www.wikipedia.com

15. Integrated Services Digital network (ISDN) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network.

16. H.221 Framing used in ISDN Conferences H.221 framing structure used in ISDN based H.320 Video Conferences. It explains the framing structures used in 2B calls at 128 Kbps. The differences between 6B and BONDED calls at 384 Kbps and how 56 Kbps Channels communicate with 64 Kbps Restricted Channels. Integrated Services Digital Network, (ISDN): An ISDN connection has two possible interfaces 1. BRI (Basic Rate Interface). 2. PRI (Primary Rate Interface). 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing16 Source : http://www.c21video.com/h221.html

17. BRI (Basic Rate Interface) The BRI consists of two circuit-switched B-channels. Each of 64 Kbps that are used for data and one D-channel of 16 Kbps that is used for network control. The PRI is similar to the BRI, but with more channels and extra control bandwidth. In Europe, the PRI consists of thirty 64 Kbps B-channels, that are used for data transmission up to 1920 Kbps and one 64 Kbps D-channel for network control. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing17

18. PRI (Primary Rate Interface) The PRI is usually terminated by an NTU in the form of two BNC connectors; although some use an RJ-45. In North America, the PRI consists of 23 B-channels of 64 Kbps for data, one D-channel of 64 Kbps for network control and an extra 8 Kbps for Framing. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing18

19. Cont… Video processors are often combined with video scalers to create a video processor that improves the apparent definition of video signals. They perform the following tasks: 1.De-interlacing 2.Aspect ratio control 3.Digital zoom and panning (Zooming) 4.Brightness/contrast/hue/saturation/sharpness/gamma adjustments 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing19

20. Cont… 5.Frame rate conversion. 6.Color point conversion (601 to 709 or 709 to 601) 7.Color space conversion (YP B P R /YC B C R to RGB or RGB to YP B P R /YC B C R ) 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing20

21. H.221 Frame Structure The H.221 standard defines the transmission frame structure for audio visual tele services in channels of 64 to 1920 Kbps, as used in ISDN based H.320 Video Conferencing. There are four modes of transmission in H.320, Px64 Kbps, H0 (384 Kbps), H11 (1536 Kbps) H12 (1920 Kbps). 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing21

22. Cont… Two modes in terms of 2B (128 Kbps), 6B (384 Kbps) and 384K BONDED (H0 mode) as these are the most common modes used in Video Conferencing. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing22

23. H.221 Framing used in ISDN Conferences 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing23

24. 2B CHANNELS In Px64K mode, the first 16 bits of the SC is used for framing and control information. Bits 1-8 are used for the Frame Alignment Signal FAS and bits 9-16 for the Bit Alignment Signal BAS. The initial or only 64 Kbps B-channel is called the I-channel and according to H.221 protocol. Audio can only existing in all or part of the I-channel, with the remaining bandwidth in this and subsequent B-channels being allocated for Video and Data. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing24

25. 2B CHANNELS 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing25

26. 384K BONDED In H0 mode, the 384 Kbps channel can be regarded as consisting of six 64 Kbps Time Slots (TS). In which the first Time Slot, TS1 being structured exactly like that for a B-channel. It contains FAS and BAS information, whilst the other TS contain no structural information, only data. The TS1 of the H0 channel is also called the I-channel. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing26

27. 384K BONDED 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing27

28. Assignments for Practical Experience Purpose: To collect practical experience of processing video signals under MATLAB programming environment. Task: There are following task Video I/O Like (AVI/MPEG/RM/MOV/MKV.3GP format) Video Authentication. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing28

29. Cont… Optical flow estimation. Object tracking. Motion Estimation. Video Enhancements. Video Compression Video Segmentation. Video Filtering. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing29

30. Digital Video Processing Textbooks Yao Wang, Jörn Ostermann, Ya- Qin Zhang Prentice Hall, 2002 A.M. Tekalp, Prentice-Hall, 1995 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing30

31. References 1.Tekalp,A.Murat “Digital Video Processing.” P. cm (Prentice Hall signal processing series),ISBN 0-13-190075-7, 1995. 2.AL Bovik “Handbook of image and digital video processing", academic press, A Harcourt Science and Technology Company,ISBN-0-12-119790-5,2000. 3.Yao Wang, Jörn Ostermann,and Ya-Qin Zhang Digital Video processing published in Prentice Hall, 2002. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing31

32. References 4.R. G. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods. “Digital Image Processing”. Addison Wesley,2nd edition, 1992. 1/29/2016Digital Video Processing32