1. John W. Santrock Socioemotional Development in Infancy 8

2. Crying Controversy among experts –Quick response is important ingredient in strong caregiver-infant bond; develops trust and security –Quick response increases crying and incidence, reinforces and spoils child –Effects of swaddling versus massaging How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

3. Smiling Reflexive smile –Not a response to external stimuli –Happens during first month after birth, usually during sleep Social smile –Appears about 2 to 3 months of age –Response to external stimulus, faces How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

4. Fear First appears about 6 months of age Stranger anxiety: fear and wariness of strangers –Intense from 9 to 12 months –Less intense reaction to children, smiling strangers Separation protest: distress at being separated from caregiver –peaks at about 15 months in U.S. infants How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

5. Social Referencing “Reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation Infants “check” with mother before acting in second year How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

6. Emotional Regulation and Coping Emotional regulation: effectively managing arousal to adapt, reach goal Infants move from relying on caregiver soothing to self-soothing strategies, redirected attention, self-distraction Context can affect regulation How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

7. Describing and Classifying Temperament Temperament: one’s behavioral style and characteristic emotional response Chess and Thomas: three basic types –Easy: positive mood, adapts easily –Difficult: negative, cries, adapts slowly –Slow-to-warm-up: low activity level, low adaptability and intensity of mood How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

8. Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition Focus on shy, subdued, timid child Inhibition to the unfamiliar Inhibition shows considerable stability from infancy through early childhood Continuity shown for both inhibition and lack of inhibition How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

9. Biological Foundations and Experience Physiological characteristics associated with different temperaments Genetic influences Influence of social contexts can vary –Goodness of fit: match between child’s temperament and environmental demands How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

10. Parenting and the Child’s Temperament Attention to and respect for individuality Structuring the child’s environment The “difficult child” and packaged parenting programs –Flexible caregiver responses –Avoid “labeling” and self-fulfilling prophecy How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

11. Personality Development Trust versus mistrust: Erikson’s first stage of development –Infants experience world as either secure and comfortable or insecure and uncomfortable –Continuity not guaranteed How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

12. Developing a Sense of Self and Independence The Self –Separation and individualization process –Visual self-recognition Independence –Autonomy versus shame and doubt –self-determination and pride or overcontrol creates shame and doubt How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?

13. Theories of Attachment Freud: Infants become attached to person or object giving oral satisfaction –Disproved by Harlow’s research: regardless of which mother fed monkeys, both preferred cloth mother contact –Erikson: First year is key for attachment How Does Attachment Develop in Infancy?

14. Measuring Attachment Ainsworth’s strange situation: measures infant’s attachment to caregiver –Requires infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions Securely attached Insecure avoidant How Does Attachment Develop in Infancy? Insecure resistant Insecure disorganized

15. The Significance of Attachment Some developmentalists believe secure attachment in first year provides important foundation for psychological development How Does Attachment Develop in Infancy? Others believe too much emphasis is placed on attachment bond in infancy –Ignores diversity of socializing agents and contexts

16. Caregiving Styles and Attachment Classification How Does Attachment Develop in Infancy? Baby attachmentCaregiver behaviors Securely attachedSensitive to signals, consistently available AvoidantUnavailable, rejecting ResistantInconsistent responses DisorganizedNeglect, physical abuse

17. The Family The Transition to Parenthood –New parents must adapt to new demands on time, finances, and roles Babies affect parents’ marriage –Most less satisfied after child is born –Almost 1/3 happier, more interested in relationships, more efficient How Do Social Contexts Influence Socioemotional Development in Infancy?

18. Reciprocal Socialization Socialization is bidirectional Scaffolding: positive parental behavior supports children’s efforts –Children’s skills increase –Support modified to suit children’s level of development How Do Social Contexts Influence Socioemotional Development in Infancy?

19. The Family The family as a system –Made up of subsystems defined by gender, generation, and role; dyadic and polyadic –Indirect and direct influences from marital relations, parenting, and infant behavior How Do Social Contexts Influence Socioemotional Development in Infancy?

20. The Family Infant caregiving –Mothers and fathers both competent caregivers, but behave differently –Mothers: center on child-care activities –Fathers: more likely to center on play, rough-and-tumble activities How Do Social Contexts Influence Socioemotional Development in Infancy?

21. Patterns of Use of Child Care High reliance and early entry –By 4 months, nearly 3/4 of infants have had some non-maternal child care Socioeconomic factors affect amount and type of care –Income level, education –Dependence on mother’s income How Do Social Contexts Influence Socioemotional Development in Infancy?

22. High-Quality Child Care Small group sizes Low child-adult ratios Teachers: specialized training, formally educated, experienced Caregiver sensitivity to children Children linked to higher competence How Do Social Contexts Influence Socioemotional Development in Infancy?

23. Child Care Amount of child care –High-quality care and fewer hours in care lead to positive outcomes Family and parenting influences –Influence not weakened by extensive child care; parents significant influence in children regulating emotions How Do Social Contexts Influence Socioemotional Development in Infancy?

24. Strategies for Child Care Recognize quality of parenting on your child’s development Make good parenting decisions Monitor your child’s development Take time to find best child care How Do Social Contexts Influence Socioemotional Development in Infancy?