1. 1st International Workshop on TMDL and Water Quality Management March 28-29, 2007, Korean National Assembly, Seoul, Korea HISTORY AND UPDATES HISTORY AND UPDATES OF TMDL IN KOREA OF TMDL IN KOREA DONGIL JUNG Director General Environmental CAP System Research Department National Institute of Environmental Research Ministry of the Environment Government of Korea

2. Needs for TMDL Management System in Korea Needs for TMDL Management System in Korea Limited Land and High Population Density ▷ Industrial development and continuous urbanization since the 1970s => Increase in water demands and pollutant loadings ▷ Industrial development and continuous urbanization since the 1970s => Increase in water demands and pollutant loadings Heavy Rainfall in Summer and Insufficient Natural Lake ▷ Construction of more man-made dams => Stagnation of water => “Eutrophication” ▷ Construction of more man-made dams => Stagnation of water => “Eutrophication” Change in Social Environment for Water Management ▷ In 1995, Introduction of the local self governing system ->The authority for water resource management was transferred to local government ->The pressure of regional development has been increased ▷ In 1995, Introduction of the local self governing system ->The authority for water resource management was transferred to local government ->The pressure of regional development has been increased Reality of Water Resources Management in Korea

3. Needs for TMDL Management System in Korea Needs for TMDL Management System in Korea To develop the local area within environmental capacity To resolve the deficiency in water resource and to conserve the water quality of the public water system To resolve the deficiency in water resource and to conserve the water quality of the public water system To clarify the environmental responsibility for each local government and to resolve conflicts between upper and downstream residents

4. Han River Nakdong River Geum River Yeongsan River Main stream 481.7 km length Basin area 26,018 km 2 Pop. 24.2 million Main stream 521.5 km length Basin area 23,817 km 2 Pop. 13.2 million Main stream 136.0 km length Basin area 3,371 km 2 Pop. 4.3 million Main stream 395.9 km length Basin area 9,810 km 2 Pop. 5.6 million Seoul Pusan Incheon Daejeon Gwangju Daegu Introduction of the TMDL Management System Overview of 4 Major River Basins

5. Trends of Water Quality in 4 Major Rivers Clean Water Supply Comprehensive Measure(’89) Special Comprehensive Measures for 4 Major River Basins(’98-’00) ’89 ’90 ’92 ’94 ’96 ’98 ’00 ’02 ’04 ‘06 Nakdong River (Mulgeum) Geum River (Daechungdam) Han River (Paldangdam) Yeongsan River (Jooamdam)

6. 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 90919293949596979899 Year BOD (mg/L) Capacity of the public treatment facilities 오폐수발생량 BOD 5 conc. Changes of the Pollution Sources in the special measure zone for Lake Paldang 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 90919293949596979899000102030405 Year BOD (mg/L) 0 150 300 450 Capacity of the public treatment facilities Waste water discharge BOD 5 conc. Discharge/Capacity (10 3 m 3 /day) Waste water discharge and Capacity of the public treatment facilities vs BOD 5 conc. at the Paldang dam vs BOD 5 conc. at the Paldang dam

7. Background of Special Comprehensive Measures Special Comprehensive Measures Environmental protection programs such as limitation of land use and expansion of public treatment facilities  doesn’t meet water quality standards to a certain level the increase of small-sized discharging facilities  due to the increase of small-sized discharging facilities and non-point sources and non-point sources ‘98.11. Special Comprehensive Measure for Han River Basin ‘99.12. Special Comprehensive Measure for Nakdong River Basin ‘00.10. Special Comprehensive Measure for Geum River Basin for Yeongsan/Seomjin River Basin

8. Designation of Riparian Buffer Zones (Precautionary measure against water pollution) Designation of Riparian Buffer Zones (Precautionary measure against water pollution) Water-Use Charge (User-pay principle) Water-Use Charge (User-pay principle) TMDL Management (Sustainable development) TMDL Management (Sustainable development) Harmonization Co-Prosperity Major Strategy of Special Comprehensive Measures Special Comprehensive Measures

9. Chunchon Uiam Dam Paldang Dam Chungju Dam Chungju 500m 1,000m Special Measure Zone Upstream region date : 1999.9.30 area : 255 ㎢ Riparian Buffer Zone (Han River)

10. Why needed - users should pay proper cost - all people have responsibility to improve water quality To whom levied - those who use river water as drinking and industrial use - (’05) 120(Nakdong), 130(Han), 140(Geum, Yeongsan) Won/ton ⇒ 47(Yeongsan) ∼ 304(Han) bill. Won (in 2005) ⇒ 47(Yeongsan) ∼ 304(Han) bill. Won (in 2005) Where to be used - Support for residents in regulatory region - Subsides to cities for construction of STPs - Land purchase from drinking water source area Watershed Management Fund Water-Use Charge System

11. Levying and Collecting Water-Use Charge (WMC) Determine the rate of WC Draw up budget for the watershed management Fund (WMC) Consult with the Ministry Of Planning & Budgeting (WMC) Approve (President) President National assembly Collect WC Demand the Fund (Local gov. water user) Operate the project report on accounts (Watershed Management Committee; WMC) Allocate the Fund (WMC) (Guideline) (Local gov.) Report on the accounts (Cabinet Meeting)

12. Resident Support Program Survey the area for support Establish RSP Plan (WMC) Approve RSP Plan (WMC) Manage the Program Apply for RSP. (Local government) (WMC) (Guideline)

13. Introduction of TMDL Management System Introduction of TMDL Management System 1999. 2 2000. 1 Act Features Special Act for Han River Basin Special Act -for Nakdong River Basin -for Geum River Basin -for Yeongsan/Seomjin River Basin Obligatory Performance Obligatory Performance Voluntary Performance Voluntary Performance

14. Framework of TMDL Management System Framework of TMDL Management System Basic Policy on TMDL Management Establishment of the Target Water Quality Basic Plan on TMDL Management Action Plan on TMDL Management Performance by Public Group Performance by Private Group Performance Assessment of Local Government

15. Planning Period Basic Policy for TMDL Management (The first Stage) 2004~2010 (The second Stage) 2011~2015 *Every 5 year afterwards Object Substances of TMDL Management (The first Stage) BOD 5 (The second Stage) BOD 5, TP* *In Guem River, TP only applies to the upstream area of Lake Daechung Standard Discharge (The first Stage) Average Q 275 for last 10 years (The second Stage) BOD 5 = Average Q 275 for last 10 years TP=Average Q 275 and Q 185 for last 10 years

16. Establishment of Unit Watershed for TMDL Management Establishment of the Target Water Quality Boundary points of metropolis and province = 8 Boundary points of city and county province = 33 Total = 41

17. Establishment of Unit Watershed for TMDL Management Establishment of the Target Water Quality Boundary points of metropolis and province = 9 Boundary points of city and county province = 23 Total = 32

18. Establishment of Unit Watershed for TMDL Management Establishment of the Target Water Quality Boundary points of metropolis and province = 7 Boundary points of city and county province = 16 Total = 23

19. Authority for the Target Water Quality Boundary points of the metropolis and province : Minister of MOE Boundary points of the city and county : Governor of metropolis and province Establishment of the Target Water Quality

20. ◇ TMDL Management for ESSD ◇ TMDL Management for Co-Prosperity ◇ Establishment of permissible pollutant loads ◇ Improvement in quality of economic life ◇ Establishment of reducible pollutant loads ◇ Improvement in quality of environmental life Development Conservation Principle of establishment of the Target Water Quality

21. Target Water Quality Allowable Loads(AL) Present water quality Allowance Loads =AL×Allowance ratio(β) Standard for establishment Of the target water quality Deferment Loads =EL×Deferment ratio(γ) Improvable water quality Present water quality Reduction Loads = RL×Reduction ratio(α) Reducible Loads(RL) Excess Loads(EL) Regions which accomplish the water quality standard Principle of establishment of the Target Water Quality Target Water Quality Regions which exceed the water quality standard

22. Establishment of the Target Water Quality Target Water Quality at the Boundary Points of the Metropolis and Province (in the first period) Geumgang Water System Nakdonggang Water System Seonjingang water system

23. Establishment of Basic Plan Significance A plan to allocate the pollutant loading amount to subwatershed and each local government, to attain and to maintain the target water quality at the boundary point of the metropolis or province

24. Establishment of Basic Plan Subject of Establishment and Approval Establishment : The mayor of metropolis / The governor of province Review : TMDL management probe and research staff Approval : The minister of MOE Allocation Method of Pollutant Loading Amounts Delivery Loading Amount at the establishment point of the target water quality Water Quality Modeling Data of Pollution Source /Watershed Environment Standard Effluent Loading Amount for subwatershed 1 Standard Effluent Loading Amount for subwatershed 2 Standard Effluent Loading Amount for subwatershed n Allocation Pollutant Loading Amount for Each Subwatershed =Standard Effluent Loading Amount for Each Subwatershed * (1-Safety Factor)........

25. Approval for basic plan of the TMDL Management in the 1 st period ’05.5 1 Metropolis(Gwangju) 2 Provinces(Jeonnam, Jeonbuk) Yeongsan River System Nakdong River System Geum River System ’05.4~5 1 Metropolis(Daejeon) 3 Provinces(Chungnam, Chungbuk, Jeonbuk) ’04.8 2 Metropolis(Daegu, Busan) ’05.2~5 3 Provinces(Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Gangwon)

26. Establishment of Action Plan Significance A plan -to find the regional development plan and the pollutant reduction plan within the allocated pollutant loading amount -to allocate the pollutant loading amount to each pollution source groups and workplace Subject of Establishment and Approval Establishment : The mayor of city / The county governor Review : TMDL management probe and research staff Approval : The governor of the competent province / The director of the Regional Environmental Office

27. Establishment of Action Plan Implementation Period of the TMDL Action Plan Nakdong River System Metropolis (2 regions) City (7 regions) County (9 regions) - Geum River System -City (11 regions) County located on the upper area of drinking water resource (2 regions) Other county (11 regions) Yeongsan River System -City (5 regions) County located on the upper area of drinking water resource (2 regions) Other county (9 regions) Total 2 regions23 regions13 regions20 regions ‘04.8 ‘05.8 ‘06.8 ‘08.8

28. Establishment of Action Plan Object of Establishment on the TMDL Action Plan The city/county which the present water quality* has exceeded the target water quality for more than 2 consecutive times *The 3-years averaged water quality based on the water quality data measured at the boundary point of unit watershed more than 30 times in a year Measurement more than 30 times Measurement more than 30 times Measurement more than 30 times Measurement more than 30 times 1year2years3years4years

29. Performance Assessment of Local Government Methods of Performance Assessment Subject of making report - The mayor of metropolis / the mayor of city / county governor who have established and performed the action plan Method of making report - by the end of March of every year - to the director of the regional environmental office

30. Example 1 : Performance Assessment BOD kg/day in the year 2010 (Target year) in the year 2005 36,427kg/day Allocation Pollutant Load Reduction Pollutant Load 9,515kg/day 37,253kg/day Effluent Pollutant Load 45,942 kg/day Allocation Pollutant Load 43,338kg/day Satisfaction Allocation Pollutant Load in the Action Plan Present year (2005)

31. Example 2 : Performance Assessment Natural Increase Reduction Plan Water quality improvement of STPs’ discharges (284.0kg/day) 1,007.4 kg/day by natural increase Allocation Pollutant Load 3,012.1 kg/day Satisfaction 3105.7 kg/day 3,105.7 kg/day Sewer pipe improvement (235.4kg/day) Present (2002) Target year (2007) Expansion of STPs’ capacity (748.6kg/day) Non-point source control / Connection treatment (52.7kg/day) Development Plan 211.4kg/day by development works 4,113.1kg/day

32. Allocation Pollutant Load in 2004 (3,011.0 kg/day) Pollutant Load (3,142.8kg/day) Pollutant Load after Additional Reduction (3000.5 kg/day) 131.8kg/day Error in calculation of pollutant load (91.0kg/day) Additional reduction (51.3kg/day) Example 2 : Performance Assessment

33. Actual Pollutant Load (3,231.6kg/day) Pollutant Load after Additional Reduction (3,050.5 kg/day) 186.3 kg/day Additional reduction (186.7kg/day) Allocation Pollutant Load in 2005 (3,050.9 kg/day) Example 2 : Performance Assessment

34. Future Directions Future Directions for TMDL Management System in Korea for TMDL Management System in Korea Future Directions Future Directions for TMDL Management System in Korea for TMDL Management System in Korea The full scale implementation of TMDL Establishment of new water quality standard focused on public health and eco-sound water environment Maximization of policy importance for non-point source management Maximization of policy importance for non-point source management

35. Thank You !!