1. Turn-in Lab 13-7 Get your journals or notes out Tell me your chosen review unit 1 INSTRUCTIONS

2. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 2 Chapter 10 Handwriting Analysis, Forgery, and Counterfeiting By the end of this chapter you will be able to: o Describe 12 types of handwriting characteristics that can be analyzed in a document o Demonstrate an example of each of the 3 types of handwriting traits o Identify the major goal of a forensic handwriting analysis All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2012, 2009

3. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 3 Chapter 10 Handwriting Analysis, Forgery, and Counterfeiting By the end of this chapter you will be able to: o Distinguish between the terms forgery and fraudulence o Identify several ways that businesses prevent check forgery o Describe 4 features of paper currency that are used to detect counterfeit bills

4. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 4 Introduction o Examine and compare questioned documents with known material o Field investigations include: Handwriting Computer printouts Commercial printing Paper and ink Threatening, ransom, or suicide notes o Analysis helps identify a document’s author

5. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 5 History of Forensic Handwriting Analysis o 1930s—handwriting analysis played a role in the famous Lindbergh case. o 1999—the US Court of Appeals determined that handwriting analysis qualifies as a form of expert testimony o To be admissible in court, scientifically accepted guidelines must be followed o Scotland Yard, the FBI, and the Secret Service use handwriting analysis

6. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 6 Introduction to Handwriting Everyone’s handwriting shows natural variations. Here are 6 of the 12 major, specific traits.

7. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 7 Introduction to Handwriting The traits are functions of formatting or of letter or line form. Here are the other 6 of the 12 major, specific traits.

8. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 8 Handwriting Examination 1. Two writings came from one person if: their similarities are unique and no unexplainable difference(s) are found 2. Examine the questionable document for detectable traits and record them 3. Obtain a known sample of the suspect’s writing (an exemplar) 4. Compare and draw conclusions about the authorship of the questionable document

9. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 9 Technology Used in Handwriting Analysis o Biometric Signature Pads “Learns” to recognize how a person signs Evaluates speed, pressure, and rhythm of the signature Recognizes forgeries by the detection of even slight differences o Computerized Analysis Compares handwriting samples objectively Compared with samples stored in databases

10. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 10 Handwriting o Evidence in the Courtroom Expert explains how comparisons were made Cross-examination by defense attorney may follow o Shortcomings in Analysis Are the base documents real or fake? Did mood, age, fatigue impact the handwriting? Did experts miss details any details?

11. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 11 Forgery o Forged documents include: checks employment records legal agreements licenses wills o Fraudulence—forgery for material gain

12. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 12 Forgery o Check forgery can include: ordering another’s checks from a deposit slip altering a check intercepting another’s check, altering, and cashing it creating a check from scratch

13. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 13 Preventing Check Forgery o Chemically sensitive paper o Large font size requires more ink and makes alterations more difficult o High resolution borders that are difficult to copy o Multiple color patterns o Embed fibers that glow under different light o Use chemical wash detection systems that change color when a check is altered

14. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 14 Literary Forgery o Best forgeries aim to duplicate the materials found in the original: old paper chemically treated materials to fake an older look inks mixed from substances that would have been used at the time watermarks that add the appearance of age tools and styles that would have been popular at the time

15. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 15 Counterfeiting o A criminal activity existing since antiquity o Items commonly forged today include: Currency Traveler’s checks Food stamps Certain bonds Postage stamps

16. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 16 Counterfeit Currency o Security features are added to paper currency that scanning cannot reproduce o Regular printer paper contains starch. o Paper currency contains rag fiber instead of starch.

17. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 17 Counterfeit vs. Authentic

18. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 18 Verifying Authentic Currency New security features: 1. Portrait stands out and appears raised off the paper 2. Contains clear red and blue fibers woven throughout the bill 3. Has clear, distinct border edges 4. Treasury seal is shown with clear, sharp saw-tooth points 5. Watermark appears on the right side of the bill in the light

19. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 19 Verifying Authentic Currency New security features: 6. The security thread is evident—a thin embedded vertical strip with the denomination of the bill printed in it 7. There is minute printing on the security threads, as well as around the portrait 8. When the bill is tilted, the number in the lower right- hand corner makes a color shift from copper to green

20. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 20 Examples of Security Features

21. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 21

22. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 22

23. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 23

24. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 24................. Summary................. Summary o Handwriting analysis compares questioned documents with exemplars to establish authorship. o Aspects of a person’s handwriting style can be analyzed to ascertain authenticity. o Many new features of paper currency help prevent counterfeiting. o Technological advances have enhanced chances of detecting forged documents.

25. YOUR TURN! o Use the textbook to complete Lab 10-1 (p294) o Compare to figure 10-3 (p180-183) o Get a sheet of paper and copy the text on the next slide Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10 25

26. THE 4 TH AMENDMENT The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 26