1. Chapter 9: Introduction to Torts
Emond Montgomery Publications
Chapter 9: Introduction to Torts

2. Chapter 9: Introduction to Torts
Emond Montgomery Publications
Chapter 9: Introduction to Torts
Learning Outcomes
Describe the four basic elements of a tort.
Understand what is meant by duty of care and standard of care.
Explain the general classification system for torts.
Explain the concept of intent as it relates to torts.
List and distinguish the different levels of intent (guilty mentality) recognized in tort law.
Understand which level of intent is required for each of the general classes of tort.

3. Introduction Tort: a wrong that occurs between two or more parties
Emond Montgomery Publications
Introduction
Tort: a wrong that occurs between two or more parties
Doctrine of torts is used to argue lawsuits that require
proof of a duty of care and
failure to meet that duty
Law of torts applies to harm …
to people
to property and intangibles

4. The Four Elements: Duty, Breach, Causation and Harm
Emond Montgomery Publications
The Four Elements: Duty, Breach, Causation and Harm
1. DUTY
In order to have a tort action, the person who committed a “wrong” must owe another party a duty of care
If there is no duty of care, there is no tort

5. The Four Elements: Duty, Breach, Causation, and Harm
Emond Montgomery Publications
The Four Elements: Duty, Breach, Causation, and Harm
2. BREACH
A breach occurs where the tortfeasor does not live up to his duty of care
A breach of the duty of care will occur when the actions of the tortfeasor do not live up to the “standard of care”
Defining what is the standard of care is the focus of much tort litigation

6. The Four Elements: Duty, Breach, Causation, and Harm
Emond Montgomery Publications
The Four Elements: Duty, Breach, Causation, and Harm
3. CAUSATION
The breach of the duty of care must be the causal link to the harm done
If breach of the duty of care is not the cause of the harm, then the tort action will not succeed

7. The Four Elements: Duty, Breach, Causation and Harm
Emond Montgomery Publications
The Four Elements: Duty, Breach, Causation and Harm
4. HARM
The person who brings a tort action must be able to show that they suffered a harm that is compensable by money
Example: personal injury, damage to property, etc.
The law of torts does not compensate for non- compensable harms
Example: a broken heart

8. Classification of Torts
Emond Montgomery Publications
Classification of Torts
TORTFEASOR’S INTENT
Torts are often classified according to the nature and level of intent possessed by the tortfeasor when carrying out the tort
Levels of intent in tort law:

9. Classification of Torts (cont’d)
Emond Montgomery Publications
Classification of Torts (cont’d)
THE MAJOR CATEGORIES – Intentional Torts
Intentional torts are wrongs undertaken with the intent to do the act which causes harm
Some intentional torts may also be the basis for criminal proceedings (e.g., battery/assault)
Intentional torts include acts that cause harm to people, physical property, or intangible property
Examples: battery, assault, defamation, false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, fraud, deceit, abuse of process

10. Classification of Torts (cont’d)
Emond Montgomery Publications
Classification of Torts (cont’d)
THE MAJOR CATEGORIES– Transferred Intent
Torts of transferred intent were developed to address situations in which the defendant’s intentional act was directed at one party but harmed a different party
As long as the defendant intended the act and the act was done, it does not matter if the victim was the intended victim
Example: An employee slashes the tires of what he believes is his employer’s car. The car is actually a rental car. The absence of wrongful intent toward the rental company does not negate the tort.

11. Classification of Torts (cont’d)
Emond Montgomery Publications
Classification of Torts (cont’d)
THE MAJOR CATEGORIES – Negligence
Negligence is the heart of tort law
Examples: occupiers’ liability, product liability, professional malpractice
Covers a range of levels of intent, including:
willful blindness (ignoring the likely harmful consequences)
recklessness (acting without considering consequences)
carelessness (acting without sufficient thought)
accident (fairly honest, potentially preventable error)

12. Classification of Torts (cont’d)
Emond Montgomery Publications
Classification of Torts (cont’d)
THE MAJOR CATEGORIES – Vicarious Liability, Strict Liability, and Absolute Liability
Vicarious liability: liability of a principal for the negligent or tortious acts of the principal’s agent done within the scope of the agent’s authority or employment
Strict liability: liability that is imposed even though no negligence or intentional tort occurred
Absolute liability: liability that is imposed automatically when certain conditions are met, without reference to negligence or intent

13. The Classification of Torts (cont’d)
Emond Montgomery Publications
The Classification of Torts (cont’d)
NUISANCE
Nuisance is a tort based on conditions prevailing or activities carried out on land
Plaintiff must prove that the defendant’s actions or use of their land affect’s the plaintiff’s use or enjoyment of their land
Usually between neighbours

14. Classification of Torts (cont’d)
Emond Montgomery Publications
Classification of Torts (cont’d)
OTHER CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
Intentional torts can be divided into five categories:
Torts based on injury to the person or to reputation
Torts based on harm to chattels
Torts based on interference with land
Torts based on inferences with rights or legal process
Torts based on harm to business interests