1. Psychology 3051 Psychology 305A: Theories of Personality Lecture 12 1

2. Psychology 3052 1.What therapeutic methods have emerged from psychoanalytic theory? 2.What is the psychosocial perspective? 3. According to attachment theory, what are the 4 infant attachment styles? The Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Perspectives 2 4. How are attachment styles assessed in adults?

3. 1. identify the therapeutic goal of psychoanalysis. 3 3. discuss the process of “dream work.” 2.describe the techniques of psychoanalysis. 3 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 4. review contemporary applications of Freud’s ideas and techniques. 5. discuss the effectiveness of psychoanalytic therapy.

4. 9. distinguish between attachment classification systems and methods of assessment of attachment styles. 4 8. describe the strange situation. 7. compare and contrast the psychoanalytic perspective and the psychosocial perspective. 6. review contemporary theories of the functions of dreams. 4

5. Psychology 3055 What therapeutic methods have emerged from psychoanalytic theory? Freud did propose a method by which adults could “restructure” their personalities: Psychoanalysis Goal of psychoanalysis: To bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness (i.e., insight). Freud primarily used 2 techniques in conducting psychoanalysis: 5

6. Psychology 3056 (a)Free association  Involves having the patient say, without hesitation, whatever comes to his or her mind.  Described by some as “daydreaming out loud.” 6

7. Psychology 3057 In beginning free association, Freud (1913, 1958) would instruct his patients as follows: “ You will notice that as you relate things various thoughts will occur to you which you would like to put aside on the grounds of certain criticisms and objections. You will be tempted to say to yourself that this or that is irrelevant here, or is quite unimportant, or nonsensical, so that there is no need to say it. You must never give in to these criticisms, but must say it in spite of them— indeed, you must say it precisely because you feel an aversion to doing so …. Finally, never forget that you have promised to be absolutely honest, and never leave anything out because, for some reason or other, it is unpleasant to tell it.” 7

8. Psychology 3058  An analyst must interpret the material provided by the patient in order to identify any unconscious conflicts.  Once identified, the analyst reveals the unconscious conflicts to the patient, allowing him/her to resolve it. 8

9. Psychology 3059 (b) Dream analysis  Involves having the patient recount her or his dreams through free association.  Freud believed that there are 2 types of dream content: Manifest content: Narrative of the dream that is consciously remembered. Latent content: Memories, fantasies, forgotten events, unconscious conflicts that give rise to manifest content. 9

10. Psychology 30510  Freud maintained that the latent content of a dream is transformed into the manifest content of the dream through “dream work.”  Freud described several specific mechanisms that are involved in dream work: 10

11. Psychology 30511 Condensation: The unconscious compresses several latent elements into a single manifest image. Displacement: The unconscious shifts emphasis away from an important but threatening image to an image that is less threatening E.g., Power and hostility are represented by an ax. E.g., A patient’s abusive father is represented as an old and frail man. 11

12. Psychology 30512 Symbolism: The unconscious uses a common and acceptable image to symbolize an unacceptable latent element. Secondary revision: The unconscious synthesizes the disjointed images that have been created through condensation, displacement, and symbolism into a coherent story (e.g., by adding a setting or plot) E.g., A vagina is represented as a hollow box. 12

13. Psychology 30513  An analyst must interpret the manifest content of the dream, as described by the patient, in order to identify any unconscious conflicts.  Once identified, the analyst reveals the unconscious conflicts to the patient, allowing him/her to resolve it. 13

14. Contemporary psychoanalysts (e.g., Schedler, 2009) continue to employ Freud’s ideas and techniques: Focus on emotional experience and expression. Discussion of childhood and interpersonal relations. Exploration of defense mechanisms. Free association. Resistance and transference. Exploration of wishes, fantasies, and dreams. 14

15. Research (e.g., Abbass et al., 2006; de Maat et al., 2009; Leichsenring et al., 2004) indicates that psychoanalytic therapy is as effective as other forms of therapy (e.g., CBT, drug therapy). 15

16. Substantial interest in the function of dreams continues. Current theories of dream function include: Learning theory (e.g., Wamsley et al. 2010) Activation-synthesis theory (e.g., Hobson et al., 2000). Evolved threat-rehearsal theory (Revonsuo, 2000). 16

17. What is the psychosocial perspective? The psychosocial perspective is comprised of theories derived from psychoanalytic theory. Like psychoanalytic theory, these theories emphasize early childhood and unconscious experiences. In contrast to psychoanalytic theory, these theories do not emphasize sexuality. 17

18. Examples of psychosocial theories include: Mahler: Object-relations theory. Kohut: Self-psychology. Erikson: Theory of psychosocial development: 18

19. AgeStage LabelCrisisEgo Strength 0-1InfancyBasic trust vs. mistrustHope 2-3Early childhood Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Will 3-5PreschoolInitiative vs. guiltPurpose 6-11School ageIndustry vs. inferiorityCompetence 12-20AdolescenceIdentity vs. role confusionFidelity 21-35Young adulthood Intimacy vs. isolationLove 36-60AdulthoodGenerativity vs. stagnation Care 61-DeathOld ageEgo integrity vs. despairWisdom Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development 19

20. Bowlby, Ainsworth: Attachment theory. Attachment theory is one of the most important contemporary outgrowths of Freud’s work. 20

21. Psychology 30521 According to attachment theory, what are the 4 infant attachment styles? Ainsworth developed the “strange situation” procedure to assess infant attachment. 21

22. Psychology 30522 The strange situation procedure (20 minutes in duration):  The parent and child enter the lab, which is set up as a comfortable living room.  The parent sits down and the child is allowed to explore the room.  After a few minutes, an unfamiliar but friendly adult enters the room. 22

23. Psychology 30523  The parent exits the room, leaving the child alone with the stranger.  After a few minutes, the parent returns to the room and the stranger leaves.  The parent remains in the room with the child for several more minutes, as the child’s reaction is videotaped. 23

24. Psychology 30524 Using this procedure, Ainsworth (1972, 1979) identified 3 infant attachment styles: 1. Secure: Little distress when the parent leaves the room, interacts willingly with the stranger, exhibits joy when the parent returns (66% of the infants). 2. Avoidant: Little distress when the parent leaves the room, indifference when the parent returns, sometimes exhibiting rejection behaviours (20% of the infants). 24

25. Psychology 30525 More recent research suggests a fourth attachment style: 4. Disorganized: Disoriented or confused by surroundings, displays no coherent pattern of coping. 3. Ambivalent: Distressed when the parent leaves the room, ambivalent when the parent returns, exhibiting approach and rejection behaviours (14% of the infants). 25

26. Psychology 30526 Infants with a secure attachment style tend to have responsive and affectionate parents. Infants in the other attachment groups tend to have unresponsive parents. Infants with a disorganized attachment style typically have been exposed to a chaotic/abusive environment. 26

27. Psychology 30527 How are attachment styles assessed in adults? Bowlby theorized that infant relationships produce “internal working models” for adult relationships. Internal working models: Unconscious expectations about relationships (schemas, representations of the self in relation to close others). 27

28. Psychology 30528 Consistent with Bowlby’s theory, research has found: (b) for most people, attachment classifications in infancy correspond to attachment classifications in adulthood. 28 (a) a positive correlation between parent-infant attachment style and adult attachment style.

29. Psychology 30529 1. Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987)  Assesses secure, ambivalent, and avoidant attachment styles. 29 Several methods have been developed to assess the attachment styles of adults:

30. Psychology 30530  Contains multi-sentence descriptions that are extrapolations of Ainsworth’s three infant patterns.  Respondents think about their experiences in romantic love relationships and select the description that best describes how they feel (a categorical response).  See questionnaire administered in class. 30

31. Psychology 30531 Your “AAQ” Description A:Avoidant attachment style Description B: Description C: Secure attachment style Ambivalent attachment style 31

32. Psychology 30532 2. Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994)  Assesses secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing attachment styles.  Bartholomew argued that the AAQ conflates two theoretically distinct forms of avoidance—fearful- avoidance and dismissing-avoidance. 32

33. MODEL OF SELF MODEL OF OTHER Positive Negative SECURE FEARFULPREOCCUPIED DISMISSING 33

34. Psychology 30534  Contains short statements drawn from other attachment measures, including the AAQ. 34  Respondents use a 5-point scale to rate the extent to which each statement describes their feelings about close relationships (a dimensional response).

35. Psychology 30535  Scores for each attachment style are derived by taking the mean of the items representing that attachment style.  See questionnaire administered in class. 35

36. Psychology 30536 Your “RSQ” Score 1: Score 2: Score 3: Score 4: Secure attachment score Preoccupied attachment score Fearful attachment score Dismissing attachment score 36

37. Psychology 30537 1.What therapeutic methods have emerged from psychoanalytic theory? 2.What is the psychosocial perspective? 3. According to attachment theory, what are the 4 infant attachment styles? The Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Perspectives 37 4. How are attachment styles assessed in adults?