1. Benchmark #1 Flash Cards Rome, Islam, & Africa Units

2. Instructions I have provided you with a list of terms & ideas that you will need to study for your Benchmark. Print out the flash cards & define the words on the back of each card. Quiz yourself by seeing if you can define each word or read the definition and see if you can identify the word it relates to.

3. RISE & FALL OF ROME

4. Constantine Roads Roman Empire Augustus (formerly Octavian) Roman Republic Coliseum Diocletian Julius Caesar Aqueducts

5. Great Schism Eastern Orthodox Church Roman Senate Roman Legions Pax Romana Germanic tribes (barbarians) Catholic Church Punic Wars Mercenaries

6. Constantinople (city) Christianity Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) Fall of Rome (Reasons for it) Western Roman Empire Rome (city) Roman Strengths (What were they?)

7. GROWTH & SPREAD OF ISLAM

8. Medina Qur’an Prophet Kabah Muhammad Gabriel (the angel) Hijrah Mecca Allah (God)

9. Sedentary Sunnah Oasis City-Dweller Arabian Peninsula (Arabia) Mosque Bedouin Nomad 5 Pillars of Islam

10. Seljuk Turks Jihad Umayyad Dynasty Cordoba (city in Spain for Umayyads) Caliph Suqs Two branches of Islam (name them) Abbasid Dynasty Muslim Achievements

11. WEST AFRICA IN THE MIDDLE AGES

12. Niger River Ghana (3-5 details) Caravan Sahara Desert Geographic zones in Africa (name the 3 types) Songhai (3-5 details) Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Trade Goods in West Africa Mali (3-5 details)

13. Kinship Oral Traditions Mansa Musa Spread of Islam to West Africa (How?) Berbers Growth of Islam & Arabic (explain) Labor Specialization Askia Muhammad Griots

14. Patriarchal (hint: think of “padre”) Timbuktu Matriarchal (hint: think of “madre”) Growth of cities in West Africa (explain how it happened)

15. BLANK FLASH CARDS (IN CASE YOU WANT TO CREATE MORE)