1. DNA and Protein Synthesis

2. Nucleic Acids

3. Nucleic Acids - Function Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms reproduce proteins.

4. Nucleic Acids – Types DNA –Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA –Ribonucleic Acid

5. Do you remember DNA structure? SUGAR Phosphate

6. Let’s build on that knowledge…

7. DNA is … 1.Single stranded 2.Double stranded 3.Triple stranded

8. Every nucleotide is made up of… 1.Sugar 2.Phosphate 3.Nitrogen base 4.All of the above

9. The two strands of DNA are bonded together in the middle by their… 1.Sugars 2.Phosphates 3.Nitrogen bases

10. Protein Synthesis It’s a process –DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)

11. RNA Sugar is Ribose NOT what… Has nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine –Also contains the other 3 bases…what are they? Only single stranded

12. RNA

13. Three processes in this unit… 1. Replication (DNA  DNA) 2. Transcription (DNA  mRNA) 3. Translation (RNA  Protein)

14. Let’s Build A Protein

15. Transcription 1.) DNA strand unzips –The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken –Initiated by RNA polymerase (enzyme) binding to promoter site on DNA 2.) A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is made –Pair up the bases The mRNA then travels from nucleus to cytoplasm

16. Transcription

17. Where in the cell does transcription take place? 1.Cytoplasm 2.Mitochondria 3.Nucleus 4.Golgi Body 5.Vacuole

18. Any given segment of DNA has directions that make unique what? 1.Glucose 2.Proteins 3.Lipids 4.Blood cells

19. If a DNA strand has the following sequence of base pairs – A C T G G T C C A A, then the mRNA strand would have what sequence? 1.T G A C C A G G T T 2.A C T G G T C C A A 3.T G U C C U G G T T 4.U G A C C A G G U U

20. Why is mRNA called messenger RNA? Because it carries the directions to make a protein to the ribosome like a message

21. Actually 3 types of RNA mRNA- messenger –Brings message from nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm rRNA- ribosomal –Make up a ribosome tRNA- transfer –“transfers” amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to be added to the chain

22. The difference between RNA and DNA is what? 1.The phosphates 2.The sugars 3.The nitrogen bases 4.The way the monomer units bond

23. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm to meet up with which organelle? 1.Mitochondria 2.Ribosome 3.Golgi Body 4.Lysosome 5.Nucleus

24. Translation mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why?? tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA anticodon –Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA that specifies a specific amino acid –Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded together and will be released as a fully functional protein.

25. Translation

26. That’s the process, Now how do you know what amino acids make up a particular protein We use an mRNA codon chart

27. Where in the cell does transcription, the first part of protein synthesis, take place? 1.Mitochondria 2.Nucleus 3.Ribosomes 4.Cytoplasm 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

28. DNA has the directions to make what? 1.Glucose 2.Nucleotides 3.Proteins 4.Monosaccharides 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

29. After a strand of mRNA is made where does it go? 1.Ribosome 2.Mitochondria 3.Lysosome 4.Vacuole 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

30. Where in the cell does translation, the second part of protein synthesis, take place? 1.Mitochondria 2.Nucleus 3.Golgi body 4.Cytoplasm 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

31. Molecules called tRNA’s are floating around the cytoplasm carrying what? 1.mRNA’s 2.Glucose 3.DNA 4.Nucleotides 5.Amino Acids 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

32. An mRNA codon is made up of how many nitrogen bases? 1.1 2.3 3.6 4.24 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

33. Using your mRNA codon chart, what amino acid would a ribosome call for if the codon was A A C ? 1.Phenylalanine 2.Glutamine 3.Asparagine 4.Lysine 5.Tyrosine 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

34. What protein would be synthesized from the following mRNA strand? A C U U U C G A A U A C 1.Threonine – phenylalanine – glutamate – tyrosine 2.Phenylalanine – leucine – methionine – valine 3.Tyrosine – glutamate – phenylalanine – threonine 4.Lysine – cysteine – arginine – histidine 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

35. What protein would be synthesized from the following DNA segment? T A A G T A C G C T A G 1.Isoleucine – alanine – histidine – alanine 2.Isoleucine – histidine – alanine – isoleucine 3.Phenylalanine – leucine – valine – arginine 4.Isoleucine – leucine – threonine – lysine 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

36. How would you assess your comprehension of DNA and Protein Synthesis? 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728