1. The Mongols AP World History

2. The Mongols Came from Mongolia/Central Asia Were pastoral nomads Lived in yurts Divided into clans/tribes Expert fighters on horseback Masters of the short- bow By 1500s - conquered China, Persia, & Russia Chinese introduced them to catapult, gunpowder, cannons, flaming arrows and battering rams

3. Genghis Khan Temujin (Genghis Khan) united the Mongol clans Organized army into disciplined cavalry units Placed capable officers in charge (instead of family) Elected Khan of Mongol tribes in 1206

4. Mongol Conquests Invaded China Facilitated trade between Europe & Asia Brought bubonic plague to 3 continents Used siege warfare Became more interested in tribute than administration 1258 - Captured Baghdad 1260 - Stopped in Egypt by the Mamluks Brought peace and encouraged trade

5. Expansion of Mongols in Russia 1237 – reached Russia (called Tartars by Russians) Executed only successful winter invasion of Russia Kiev burned to ground Effects: Set up a tribute empire called the Golden Horde Serfdom arose – peasants needed protection from Mongols Moscow benefited financially – towns’ territory added Orthodox Church strengthened Mongol rule kept Russia isolated from the west

6. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (1260- 1368) The Mongol dynasty – 1 st conquerors to rule China Kublai Khan (Genghis Khan’s grandson) – 1 st great Mongol Emperor Conquered Korea and part of SE Asia Attempted to invade Japan twice and failed both times Venetian Marco Polo visited his court for 17 years, traveled around China, & wrote of his exploits Trade improved from stability Overthrown in 1368 by a Buddhist monk

7. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (1260- 1368) Chinese were forbidden to learn the Mongol written language Intermarriage outlawed Religious toleration Chinese allowed in Yuan govt. Mongol women enjoyed more freedoms – refused footbinding & public travel Used expertise of scholars & artisans Merchants held a higher status Suppression of piracy increased maritime trade

8. Impact of Mongol Rule on Eurasia Most important – facilitation of trade between Europe & Asia Mongol Peace of 1200s-1300s helped with the exchange of ideas & increased wealth of merchants Europeans would invest in voyages of exploration to continue trade after decline Bubonic plague/Black Death – 25 million killed in China, 1/3 of Europe’s population (helped bring an end to manorialism) Mongol decline leads to brutal conquests of Tamerlane (Turk) from Central Asia.