1. Na+/K+-ATPase Prepared by : Moteb AL-dhowayan MESHARY AL-motary

2. Na+/K+-ATPase The sodium-potassium pump was discovered in the 1950’s by a Danish scientist, Jens Christian Skou, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1997.Jens Christian Skou It marked an important step forward in our understanding of how ions get into and out of cells, and it has a particular significance for excitable cells such as nervous cells, which depend on it for responding to stimuli and transmitting impulses.

3. Sodium-Potassium pumps Na+/K+-ATPase (also known as the Na+/K+ pump, sodium-potassium pump). Na+/K+-ATPase (also known as the Na+/K+ pump, sodium-potassium pump). Active transport is responsible for the well- established observation that cells contain relatively high concentrations of potassium ions but low concentrations of sodium ions. Active transport is responsible for the well- established observation that cells contain relatively high concentrations of potassium ions but low concentrations of sodium ions.Active transportpotassiumsodiumActive transportpotassiumsodium The mechanism responsible for this is the sodium-potassium pump which moves these two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane. The mechanism responsible for this is the sodium-potassium pump which moves these two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane.

4. Function and controling cell volume Function and controling cell volume The Na+/K+-ATPase helps maintain resting potential, avail transport and regulate cellular volume. resting potentialvolumeresting potentialvolume In order to maintain the cell membrane potential, cells must keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassium ions within the cell intracellular. In order to maintain the cell membrane potential, cells must keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassium ions within the cell intracellular.intracellular

5. Mechanism

6. Mechanism The process of transfer of sodium and potassium by the following mechanical: - Enzyme linked to ATP and three sodium ions from the inner side of the plasma membrane. - B degrade ATP, This leads to the phosphorylation part specialist (unit thousand) Phosphorylation of the enzyme where the stems of the ADP Group and the remaining phosphate (Pi) are connected. - No change in the spatial structure of the enzyme, and lead this change to the transfer of sodium ions from the interior of the membrane facing the cytoplasm to the outside of the membrane.

7. - Linked to the enzyme at the same time Boionen of potassium from the outside and are accompanied by removal of phosphate group linked to ELISA Dephosphorylation. - Associated with a new molecule of ATP to the inside of the enzyme due to its previous position, and lead to the transfer of potassium ions from outside to the cytoplasm, and return the cycle again

8. Factors Affecting Sodium-Potassium- ATPase High Activity Exercise:- Exercise:- Exercise induces a loss of K+ from the muscle cells into the extracellular space, giving rise to an increase in the extracellular space, giving rise to an increase in blood K+. blood K+.**Hyperthyroidism:- Thyroid hormones largely determine the concentration of Na+,K+ pumps in skeletal muscle through a general endocrine effect. Hyperthyroidism gives rise to an increase in pump activity,

9. Factors Affecting Sodium-Potassium- ATPase High Activity Drugs:- Drugs:- The sodium-potassium pump high activity is believed to underlie high blood pressure and it is the target of digoxin, one of the most widely prescribed drugs for heart disease digoxin

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