1. Joints

2. Articulation- A point of contact between two bones or between a bone and cartilage
Can produce a wide variety of motions
Arthrology: The study of the structure of joints
Arthrologist- help design joint replacements
Kinesiology: The study of the movement of joints
Learn how a joint goes through a range of motions.
The field of study for physical/occupational therapists.

3. Functional Classifications of Joints
This is the easy way to classify joints.
Synarthroses:
“syn” means together
The group of joints that produce no movement.
Amphiarthroses:
Slightly moveable joints- little separation between bones
Diarthroses:
Fully moveable joints

4. Structural Classifications of Joints
This is a more difficult way to classify joints.
Fibrous joints: lack a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue.
Bones are in direct contact with one another.
Bones are joined in a way that no movement is produced.
This is a type of synarthrosis
Be careful on the on-line quiz- If the question asks for structural classification, then don’t put the functional classification!

5. Types of Fibrous Joints
Suture joints: fibrous joints in which the bones forming the joint are in direct contact.
Found between bones of the cranium.
Neighboring bones have “saw-like” projections to help lock the bones together producing a very strong joint.
Joints are actually stronger than the bone itself!
Synostosis: A joint in which there is a complete fusion of the two separate bones into one bone.
The saw-like projections completely ossify
If this happens too quickly in the skull, it could affect brain development.

7. Types of Fibrous Joints
Syndesmoses: fibrous joints in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture.
Found between the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) and the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula).
Bones are held in place by the interosseus membrane which prevents bones from separating when weight is applied.

9. Types of Fibrous Joints
Gomphoses: fibrous joints in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket.
Hold the teeth in place
A thin piece of connective tissue called the periodontal ligament helps secure the root of a tooth into the socket of the upper/lower jaw.

11. Cartilaginous Joints
Lack a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are tightly connected by either hyaline cartilage or by fibrocartilage.
Two Types:
Synchondroses: cartilaginous joints in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage.
Often found between the ends (epiphyses) and shaft (diaphysis) of a long bone.
Epiphyseal plate
Once it gets turned into bone, it could be considered a fibrous joint.
Allow the ends of bones to shift slightly to compensate for muscle development.

13. Cartilaginous Joints
Symphyses: cartilaginous joints in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones.
This is found between the bones of the spine and also between anterior parts of the hip bones
Allows bones to shift slightly during movement
The hormone relaxin is secreted during childbirth to soften the connective tissue.

15. Pause and Practice gomphosis synarthrosis syndesmosis
diarthrosis symphysis synostosis
synchondrosis amphiarthrosis suture joint
Type of visible structural joint between bones of the skull.
Type of functional joint that has a wide range of motion.
Type of structural joint at the epiphyseal plate.
Type of structural joint found between vertebrae.
Type of functional joint that allows no movement.
Type of structural joint between teeth and their sockets.
Type of structural joint that holds the radius and ulna together.

16. Synovial Joints- have a synovial cavity
This is the most complex of the 3 structural joints.
These are forms of diarthroses.
Synovial cavity: a space between the articulating bones.
Filled with synovial fluid
This space allows joints to move freely.
Synovial capsule: surround a synovial joint, encloses a synovial joint and unites the articulating bones.
Combination of fibrous connective tissue and the synovial membrane.

18. Layers of the Synovial Capsule
Fibrous capsule: a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones.
Functions to help hold the articulating bones together and limits the range of motion for that joint (to limit injury).
Synovial membrane: a layer of areolar connective tissue that contains elastic fibers.
Functions to produce and secrete synovial fluid that acts as an additional shock absorber.
Synovial fluid is slippery and viscous.

19. 6 Types of Synovial Joints
Planar: The articulating surfaces of the bones are flat or lightly curved.
Also called a gliding joint.
Found between carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones.
Sliding movement to even the distribution of forces to the arms and legs.

21. 6 Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge: The convex articulating surface of one bone fits into the concave articulating surface of another bone.
Found at the elbow and knee.
Opening and closing movements in 1 plane.
Shape of the joint limits movement so this is the easiest synovial joint to damage.

24. 6 Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot: The rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament.
Found between the 1st 2 vertebrae (atlas and axis) and the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna)
Moves by the rotation of 1 bone around its own long axis. (Rotation of the radius to turn the palm over)

27. 6 Types of Synovial Joints
Condyloid: The convex, oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone.
Found at the following:
Between the head and 1st vertebra
Between the skull and lower jaw
Between the forearm and wrist
Between the palm and fingers
Between the lower leg and ankle
Moves front to back and side to side like in chewing

30. 6 Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle: the articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the saddle.
Found at the base of each thumb
Moves front to back, side to side, circular and opposing the pinky

32. 6 Types of Synovial Joints
Ball and socket: the ball-like articulating surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone.
Found at the shoulder and hip
Provides the most versatile movement- front to back, side to side, circular, and rotating

34. ACT-UP

35. ACT-UP 1) What part of the body is being shown in the slide?
2) What is the structural classification of the joint shown?

36. ACT-UP 3) What part of the body is being shown in the slide?.
4) What is the structural classification of the joint shown?

37. ACT-UP
5) Which of the joints pictured offers the greatest range of motion and why?