1. Chapter two Arthrology
Department of Anatomy
王 配 军

2. Classification There are two major types of articulations or joint.
Continuous joints
Fibrous joints : bones are united by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous joints : bones are united by cartilage
Synosteosis
Discontinuous joints －synovial joints

3. Synovial joints Basic structures
Articular surface: covered by articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Fibrous membrane
Synovial membrane
Articular cavity: containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it

4. Accessory structures
Ligaments(lig.): extra- and intracapsular ligaments
Articular disc and articular labrum
Synovial fold and synovial bursa

5. Movements of joints Translation Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Rotation
Medial and lateral rotation
Pronation ans supination
Inversion and eversion
Circumduction

6. Classification of synovial joints
Uniaxial joints
Biaxial joints
Multiaxial joints

7. Articulations of Bones of Trunk
The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

8. Joints of the vertebral bodies
Intervertebral discs
between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of:
Nucleus pulposus, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core )
Annulus fibrosus
an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage

9. Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出

10. Anterior longitudinal ligament
Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs

11. Joints of the vertebral arches
Ligamenta flava ― elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column

12. Interspinal ligament
Supraspinal ligament
Ligamentum nuchae
Intertansverse ligament
Zygapophysial joint

13. Atlantooccipital joint
Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles
Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas
Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting of head

14. Atlantoaxial joint Three synovial joints between atlas and axis
Supported by ligaments
Action ― allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column

15. Normal Curves of vertebral column
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Sacral curvature

17. Movement of the vertebral column
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation

18. Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂

19. Thoracic cage Composition
Bones ― consists of twelve thoracic vertebrae, twelve pairs of ribs and costal cartilages, and sternum

20. Joints Costovertebral joints Joints of costal head
Costotransverse joints

21. Sternocostal joints Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib
Interchondral joints: between costal cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to form the costal arch

22. General features of thoracic cage
Roughly cone-shape, narrow above and broad below, flattened from before-backwards, longer behind than in front
Inlet of thorax
Outlet of thorax
Infrasternal angle
Intercostal spaces

23. Function:
protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity;
plays a vital role in the process of breathing
Inspiration
Expiration

24. Joints of skull
Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis

25. Temporomandibular joint
Aticulating surfaces
Capsule: thin and lax in front and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligament
Articular disc
Movement