1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objective 9 Compare and contrast the three major categories of joints. Give an example of each.

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints  Articulations of bones  Functions of joints  Hold bones together  Allow for mobility  Ways joints are classified  Functionally  Structurally

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional Classification of Joints  Synarthroses – “together joint”  immovable joints, skull  Amphiarthroses – “both side joint”  slightly moveable joints, wrist  Diarthroses – “2 (direction) joint”  freely moveable joints, all movements

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints  Bones united by fibrous tissue  Examples  Sutures  In skull  Between tibia & fibula Figure 5.27a–b

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints  Bones connected by cartilage  Examples  Intervertebral joints  Pubic symphysis (pelvis) Figure 5.27d–e

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Moving bones separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.24f–h

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objective 10 Name the six types of synovial joints based on the movements they allow.

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Features of Synovial Joints  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule  Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid  Ligaments reinforce the joint  Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Synovial Joint Figure 5.28

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plane Joint 1. Plane joints  Flat surfaces  slipping or gliding movements  Small bones of Wrist & ankle Figure 8.7a

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints 2. Hinge joints  Like a hinge on a door, one side fits into the other.  Motion is along a single plane (flex/extend only)  Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hinge Joints Figure 8.7b

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3. Pivot Joints  Will rotate on an axis  Examples: joint between the axis and the atlas (neck), and the proximal radioulnar joint (forearm)

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pivot Joints Figure 8.7c

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4. Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints  Oval surface of one bone fits into a depression in another  Biaxial joints permit all angular motions  Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints Figure 8.7d

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5. Saddle Joints  Each surface has both a concave and a convex surface  Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Saddle Joints Figure 8.7e

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6. Ball-and-Socket Joints  A bal-like head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another  permit the most free movement  Examples: shoulder and hip joints

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ball-and-Socket Joints Figure 8.7f