1. Mammals in Space 1. Dogs 2. Monkeys 3. Gerbils 4. Humans Danielle Carmack, Elizabeth Horan, Agnieszka Smelkowska-BlackWolf & Jessica

2. SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Classified Military Program Sputnik Launched In 1957 Led Space Race Animal Tests Followed

3. SSP : LAIKA Stray From Moscow –3 Years Old –Weight: 13 Pounds Launched: 11/3/57 –Sputnik 2 Nicknamed Muttnik

4. SPP: Results Death (cover up): –Stress & Overheating Proved Survival of Orbital Launch Led to Human Space Flight Data: Living Organism Reaction

5. AMERICAN SPACE PROGRAM Response to Sputnik Space Race (1958) Astronauts become National heroes Culminated with the Landing on the Moon Decline in the 1970’s

6. ASP : Alberts SMALL PRIMATES ALBERT I (1948 ) & ALBERT II (1949) RHESUS MONKEYS - EASY HANDLING - SMALL SIZE

7. ASP: results PRIMATES PERISHED FIRST ONES TO RETURN TO EARTH: ABLE & MISS BAKER (1959) MAMMALS CAN SURVIVE IN ZERO-GRAVITY

8. Russian Space Program Renewed interest in space exploration Goal: Manned Mission to Mars 2015 Previous failures (1960’s & 1996)

9. Why Gerbils? Mammals Size Water Retention Little Waste Long life Span

10. Results Little Data On Return Some Dissected American Mission To mars (Date TBD) New Space Race?

11. Human Astronauts Space Flight: –Internationally: 62 Miles –U.S.: 50 miles 1 Year Training 60 – 70 inches tall Visual: 20/50 + Blood Pressure: >140

12. Manned Missions HUMAN ASTRONAUTS (2007) 463 Humans From 34 Countries 415 Men & 48 Women 83 Years in space Sergei Krikalev: 2.2 years in Space

13. conclusion Mammals: Mission to Moon Mars = Next Step One way Flight to Mars: Distance: 48 Million Miles Shuttle Speed: 65,000 miles/Day 48,000,000/65,000 = 76 Days

14. Thank You