1. HEXAPODS AND ANGIOSPERMS
INSECT EVOLUTION:
HEXAPODS AND ANGIOSPERMS

2. Most modern families radiated (50%+)
Most modern orders
First winged insects
First hexapods

4. PANGAEA

6. Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction

7. Gnetales - Ancestors of Angiosperms?

9. Fossil Pollen

10. Animal Pollination
Advantages
1. Precision of transfer
2. Gene flow
3. Reproduction in sparse populations
4. Speciation

11. Orchid Pollination

12. Fossil Evidence for Insect Pollination
1. Pollen in guts of fossilized insects
2. Structure of flowers
3. Specialized insect structures

13. Fossil Evidence for Insect Pollination
1. Pollen in guts of fossilized insects
2. Structure of flowers
3. Specialized insect structures

14. Fossil Evidence for Insect Pollination
1. Pollen in guts of fossilized insects
2. Structure of flowers
3. Specialized insect structures
4. Ability to hover

15. Orchids and Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

16. Orchids and Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Anther cap

17. Orchids and Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
nectary

18. Red Queen Hypothesis
"Well, in our country," said Alice, still panting a little, "you'd generally get to somewhere else — if you run very fast for a long time, as we've been doing."
"A slow sort of country!" said the Queen. "Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!"
For an evolutionary system, continuing change is needed just so that one species can maintain its fitness relative to the species with which it is co-evolving.

19. Orchid lengthens nectary to draw moth closer to pollen
Orchids and Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Moth lengthens proboscis to reach nectar
Orchid lengthens nectary to draw moth closer to pollen

20. Figs and Fig Wasps
Pleistodontes froggatti

21. Figs and Fig Wasps
Ficus macrophylla

22. Figs and Fig Wasps

23. Figs and Fig Wasps