1. Fig. 26.1 Origins of Life

2. Page 504 Panspermia hypothesis

3. Fig. 26.3

4. Linnaean taxonomy or Linnaean hierarchy: Species level: Apis mellifera Genus level: Apis, a group of bees Family level: Apidae, a bee family Order level: Hymenoptera, a grouping that includes bees, wasps, ants and sawflies Class level: Insecta comprises animals with three body segments, three pairs of legs and wings Phylum level: Arthropoda. Animals made of exoskeleton and jointed appendages Kingdom level Domain

5. Fig. 26.6 Scientific names should be italicized

6. Characterization: Out of six kingdoms Protists, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia are eukaryotes and Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes. Archaea cell walls lack peptidoglycan, have distinct rRNA sequences and cell membrane lipids. Prokaryotes lack compartmentalization but eukaryotes are highly compartmentalized. Eukaryotes undergo sexual reproduction

7. Fig. 26.7

8. Fig. 26.9

9. Fig. 26.10

10. Fig. 26.15 Segmentation in arthropods and annelids arose independently but is also regulated by Hox genes

11. Fig. 26.16 Distal-less gene initiated branched limbs in insects and unbranched limbs in crustaceans

12. Tab. 26.1

13. Tab. 26.2

14. Fig. 26.17

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