1. NNIN SUMMER EXPERIENCE

2. GOALS
To learn about the technology behind an AFM and produce images of different materials
To create a lesson plan that incorporates nanotechnology into the existing curriculum
To develop an action plan that exposes students to nanotechnology throughout the school year

3. AFM
Explored the main principles behind the AFM (cantilever, photodetector, feedback loop, etc.)
Produced and analyzed images from a Nanosurf® easyScan AFM system
Developed a presentation for other educators to use with this AFM system

4. AFM Operation - Overview

5. Learning to use the AFM Used the AFM to image Gold samples
Interpretation of the images to distinguish between the two gold samples
Image of Gold Grating
Measurement and Analysis of Gold Grating to determine grating spacing

6. Images of Gold Samples
Au Sample B average roughness (Sq = 100nm) Gold deposition by sputtering
Au sample A average area roughness (Sq = 6nm) Gold deposition by electroplating

7. Gold Practice Grating Image Analysis Average grating spacing : 1.04 μm
Average height of features: nm
Nature of the surface: Blazed
Gold Practice Grating : 8μm scan

8. Plane Transmission Grating
1-D grating (sample A) grating spacing: μm
1- D grating (sample B) grating spacing: μm
2-D grating grating spacings: x: 6.97 μm y: 7.07 μm

9. LESSON PLAN: CDs AND DVDs AS DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
Develop Student Worksheet and Teacher’s Guide
Incorporate AFM imaging and analysis of CDs and DVDs with an existing Diffraction Grating Lab

10. Diffraction Pattern using a CD as a Diffraction Grating
screen
CD grating
Laser
central spot

11. AFM Images and Cut-out Scans of a Blank CD AND DVD (10 m)

12. AFM Images of CD and DVD (unrecorded)
CD-Blank
(10 μm scan)
Track pitch = 1.57 μm
DVD- Blank
(10 μm scan)
Track pitch = μm

13. AFM Images CD/DVD (recorded)
DVD – data encrypted scan size : 10 μm
CD - data encrypted scan size : 20 μm

14. AFM Images CD/DVD (recorded)
CD - data encrypted scan size : 5 μm
DVD – data encrypted scan size : 5 μm

15. Blu-Ray AFM Images

16. Comparing Data Density of CD, DVD and Blu-Ray
Blu-Ray Disc 
 CD
DVD 

17. Experimental Data and Reference Data
Blu-Ray
DVD CD
Laser Size
405 nm
650 nm
780 nm
Track pitch
0.32 m
(0.33 m)
0.74 m
(0.79 m)
1.6 m
(1.57 m)
Min. pit length
0.15 m
(0.17 m)
0.40 m
(0.41 m)
0.83 m
Channel bit size
0.062 m
0.133 m
0.278 m
Capacity
25 GB
4.7 GB
0.7 GB
Blue: experimental values black : reference values

18. CONCLUSIONS
Experimental results of track pitch, minimum pit length of a CD , DVD and Blu-Ray agree well with known values.
Experimental results of grating spacing obtained from the diffraction pattern using CDs and DVDs agree well with the grating spacing obtained from imaging them with the AFM.
The AFM image of a CD was used to determined the no. of data bits per square micrometer. The total usable area of a CD was determined from measurement and used to calculate the storage capacity of the disc.
The density of the tracks of CDs and DVDs as compared to a Blu-Ray was used to explain the increase in storage capacity and the recent technology used to further increase the same.

19. ACTION PLAN
Metric conversions – Powers of Ten Video (
Hooke’s Law and cantilevers (SP3: Simple Harmonic Motion)
Diffraction Gratings (SP4: Waves)
Photodiodes, Lasers, Voltage and the AFM (SP4 and SP5: Waves and Electromagnetism)
Piezo materials and Voltage (SP5: Electromagnetism)
Journal Readings
Projects
Career Research
GPS Standards

20. Links to Lesson Plans Lesson Plan Student worksheet
AFM Quick Reference

21. THANK YOU!!! Dr.Larry Bottomley and group
School of Chemistry and BioChemistry
Dr. Nancy Healy
NNIN Educational Coordinator
Joyce Palmer
Asst Educational Coordinator ,NNIN