2. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world-wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES: 1.Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] 2.Arms Race [nuclear escalation] 3.Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt.] 4.Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

3. The Cold War Defined A continuing state of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union A continuing state of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union It is called “cold” because there was no actual physical conflict between the two nations It is called “cold” because there was no actual physical conflict between the two nations

4. Russian History of Invasion France (Napoleon) 350,000 Russians killed France (Napoleon) 350,000 Russians killed Germany (WWI) 5 million Russians killed Germany (WWI) 5 million Russians killed Total deaths of WWI- 16 million Germany (WWII) 30 million Russians killed Germany (WWII) 30 million Russians killed *Japan 2 million, Germany 7 million killed *Japan 2 million, Germany 7 million killed Total deaths of WWII- 60-70 million Total deaths of WWII- 60-70 million Stalin wanted a Buffer Zone against future attacks What is a Buffer Zone? Was he Justified?

5. Development of the Cold War Iron Curtain-figure of speech by Churchill describing line separating free and communist Europe Iron Curtain-figure of speech by Churchill describing line separating free and communist Europe “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. “ “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. “

6. Cold War Alliances NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization –Free nations pledged support to each other if attacked by communism SEATO-Southeast Asia Treaty Organization SEATO-Southeast Asia Treaty Organization –Stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, following Korean War Warsaw Pact Warsaw Pact –Included Soviet Union and it’s seven satellite nations 1.Albania 2.Bulgaria 3.Czechoslovakia 4.Germany (East) 5.Hungary 6.Poland 7.Romania

7. Buffer Zone

8. What is this political cartoon communicating?

9. United States Response to Communism George Keenan comes up with the containment policy (keep communism where it is, do not let it spread) George Keenan comes up with the containment policy (keep communism where it is, do not let it spread) Truman Doctrine: We will help countries at risk of becoming communist Truman Doctrine: We will help countries at risk of becoming communist Marshall Plan: Sent $13 billion to Western European nations Marshall Plan: Sent $13 billion to Western European nations Berlin Airlift: Soviets close Berlin; US flies in supplies to the people for nearly 1 year, flying 280,000 flights in and out of Berlin Berlin Airlift: Soviets close Berlin; US flies in supplies to the people for nearly 1 year, flying 280,000 flights in and out of Berlin

10. Division of Germany Divided into four zones Divided into four zones –West Germany was democratic and free (American, English, French) –East Germany communist controlled by the USSR –Families were literally torn apart by the division of Germany and Berlin

11. Cold War Heats Up Space Race Space Race –Competition for space –1957 - Soviet’s launch Sputnik –U.S. starts NASA –Use of Spy satellite equipment –1958 - U.S. sent Explorer –1969 - American man lands on Moon

13. Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1990 Triggered by flood of refugees flowing east to west through Hungary Triggered by flood of refugees flowing east to west through Hungary Wall came down Nov. 1990; Germany began reunification process Wall came down Nov. 1990; Germany began reunification process

22. Collapse of the Soviet Union Stalin’s successors Stalin’s successors –Nikita Kruschev 1956-1964 – hard line commie –Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982 Practiced a policy of détente ( lessening of tensions) with the U.S. Practiced a policy of détente ( lessening of tensions) with the U.S. Characterized by Characterized by –Arms control talks –Cultural exchanges –Trade agreements

23. The Fall of the Soviet Union Causes 1.Leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev 2.Glasnost- openness to democracy 3.Perestroika- reshaping of economy 4.Economic movements 5.Freedom Movements Fall of Soviet Union Effects 1.Formation of Commonwealth of Independent States 2.Loss of role as superpower 3.End of Cold War 4.Economic Hardship 5.Minority Revolts and ethnic conflicts

24. Break-up of Soviet Union, 1991 1989- Poland breaks away from Soviet Union 1989- Poland breaks away from Soviet Union –Solidarity - movement that called for economic and political change led by Lech Walesa Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania left USSR 1991 Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania left USSR 1991 USSR dissolved Dec. 1991 USSR dissolved Dec. 1991 Commonwealth of Independent States, led by Russia under Boris Yeltsin Commonwealth of Independent States, led by Russia under Boris Yeltsin Economic, religious, and crime problems Economic, religious, and crime problems

26. Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War Yugoslavia created after WWI Yugoslavia created after WWI 6 Major National Groups 6 Major National Groups –Croats- Roman Catholic –Slovenes- Roman Catholic –Serbs- Eastern Orthodox –Montenegrins- Eastern Orthodox –Macedonians – Eastern Orthodox –Bosnians - Muslims

28. Civil War At independence Serbs in Bosnia used force to remove all non-Serbs At independence Serbs in Bosnia used force to remove all non-Serbs Ethnic Cleansing-removal or killing of ethnic group Ethnic Cleansing-removal or killing of ethnic group Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic led campaign to remove non-Serbs Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic led campaign to remove non-Serbs NATO used Military Campaign against Milosevic NATO used Military Campaign against Milosevic