1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Population Geography of LA continued  Demography – age structure  Geographic distribution of population  Urbanization  Roots of urban growth  Pluses & minuses of urban growth  The urban dual economy

2. © T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME Agricultural and Rural Development Issues  Internal colonization  Amazonia continued Amazonian & tropical deforestation Contemporary agriculture in LA Population Geography of LA

3. © T. M. Whitmore Demography: Review Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) - AKA “growth”  CBR - CDR = RNI (assumes no migration) in a given year Total Fertility (birth) Rate (TFR)  = average total number of births to a woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR) Mortality (Life Expectancy at Birth)  “life expectancy at birth” (E o ) = AVERAGE projected span of life at the date for a pop Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)  # deaths of infants (< 1yr)/1000 live births in a given yr

4. © T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - youth Youthful pops: % of pop < 15 years old USA 20% World 29%  Lesser developed World 32% - 35%  More Developed World ~ 17% Latin America 30%  Central America with Mexico 34%  Caribbean 29%  South America 29% Latin American extremes & consequences

5. © T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - aged Aged pops: (> 65) USA 12% World 7%  Lesser developed World 5% Latin America 6%  Central America with Mexico 5%  Caribbean 8%  South America 6% Latin American extremes & consequences

6. © T. M. Whitmore Population age structures Population pyramidpyramid Concept of dependency ratio  (pop aged 0-15 + pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age 15-65 USA dependency ratio  100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47  Developing world dependency ratio  100*(32% + 5%)/63% = 59 Latin America dependency ratio  100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56

7. © T. M. Whitmore

8. Geographic distribution of population High density zones High Low density zones Low  South America’s “empty heart”  Arid zones in N Mexico & Southern Cone

9. © T. M. Whitmore Urbanization Proportion of a country’s pop living in cities  World = 48%  Global South = 41-42%  Global North = 77%  USA = 79%  LA = 76% Extremes in LA Large city urbanization in LA (% in cities > 1 million)

10. © T. M. Whitmore Urbanization II Mega-cities  Emerging Megalopolis zones  Central Mexico Central Mexico  South Brazil triangle & Río de la Plata South Brazil triangle Concept of primacy  Single city in a country that dominates in pop, culture, economic development, etc.  Examples:  Santo Domingo  Guatemala City  Mexico City  Lima

16. LA cities in World’s top 100 (19 of the top 100)

19. © T. M. Whitmore Roots of urban growth Demographic  R—to—Urban migration  Natural increase Economic  Industrialization  Rural stagnation Organizations  Banks and governments

20. © T. M. Whitmore Benefits from urban growth Efficient provision of social services Cities are centers of information flow and knowledge Concentrated (and better educated?) labor pool Physical infrastructure often better Cities concentrate “human capital” Cities are a huge internal markets Easier linkages between industries Cities are often “better off”

21. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth I Housing  First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums  Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city Elite  Often close juxtaposition of rich and poorjuxtaposition

22. © T. M. Whitmore Elite housing, Santo Domingo

23. Mexico City country club

24. Mexican stock exchange

25. © T. M. Whitmore Wealthy homes in Morelia

26. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Elite house Cuidad Juarez

27. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

28. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth II Self-help (often squatter) “slum” housing  Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.  2 nd destination of R migrant  Seen as places of permanence  25-40% of total pop in some cities  Initially settlements lack infrastructure  A main characteristic is improvement

29. Planned new housing area in Mexico City

30. Nezahualcoyotl: Planned housing area in Mexico City

31. Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

32. Squatter housing in Mexico City

33. Mexico City inner city

34. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Squatters outside Lima

35. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

36. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR

37. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

38. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

39. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

40. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Lima

41. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico

42. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Saltillo

43. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

44. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

45. 300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, complex has more than 10,000!

46. Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

47. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth III Subsidy and Sink effects Congestion Pollution Loss of urban open space Poor provision of basic servicesservices Export of problems Poverty generally Employment not always good

48. Mexico City on a rare clear day

49. More typical Mexico City day

50. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

51. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

52. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

53. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

54. © T. M. Whitmore The urban economy Dual system Dual  Formal Formal  corporate, government, commerce, and major businesses  Minority of jobs?  Informal Informal  services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.  Majority of jobs?

55. © T. M. Whitmore

56. Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa

57. Informal sector economy

58. © T. M. Whitmore

61. Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

63. Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers