2. Organic Chemistry The element carbon (C) is a component of almost
all biological molecules.

3. Organic Chemistry
Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level.
One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms.
Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight
chains, branched chains, and rings.

4. Macromolecules Composed of long chains of smaller molecules.
Smallest units (monomers) form larger units
(polymers).
There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things…

5. Proteins (Polypeptide)
A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids.
20 different amino acids are divided into two categories:
Essential = must be ingested (9)
Non-Essential = can be produced in the body (11)

7. Proteins Enzymes Required for building and repair of body tissues
Hemoglobin (carries Oxygen to your cells)
Immune system
Essential body processes such as :
water balancing
nutrient transport
muscle contractions
Protein is a source of energy
Protein helps keep skin, hair, and nails healthy

8. Carbohydrates
Values of n ranging from three to seven are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides.
(ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose)
Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide.
(ex. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose)
Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides.
(ex. Glycogen, Amylose, Cellulose, Chitin)

9. Carbohydrates

10. Carbohydrates Polymer (starch) Polymer (cellulose)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

11. Carbohydrates
Organisms use carbohydrates as a primary source of energy.
Plants use carbohydrates for structural support

12. Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
Fat if solid at room temperature
Oil if it is liquid at room temperature

13. Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats.
Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats.
Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.

14. Lipids
Triglyceride

15. Lipids Uses: Lipids can be broken down as a source of energy.
Lipids make up cell membranes.
Lipid are used to make human hormones (steroids).

16. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

17. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic info in two forms:
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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