1. Major Types of Coastal Zones

2. Estuaries Partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers/streams flowing into it and a free connection to the open sea. (fresh water mixes with ocean)

3. Estuaries Continued… Economically significant as seaports, centers of ocean commerce and commercial fisheries Challenges faced by the organisms in the area: Salt levels fluctuate Finding a living condition that stays constant Pugwash

4. Estuaries Continued… Wildlife Phytoplankton, bacteria, fungi, eelgrass Worms, clams, crabs, lobster, birds Human Activities Fishing, aquaculture, recreational fishing, pollution

5. Rocky Shores Dominated by bedrock, boulders, and cobbles

6. Rocky Shores Continued… Challenges faced by the organisms in the area: Wind, ice, temperature, currents, tides, salt is always changing

7. Rocky Shores Continued… Wildlife Seaweed, periwinkles, dog whelks, mussels, oysters, clams, limpets, sea slugs, barnacles, crabs, starfish Human Activities Collection of stones, rocks, glass Difficult to access

8. Sandy Beaches Sandy – fine, coarse sediment Can have gravel and rocks White Point Beach

9. Sandy Beaches Continued… Challenges faced by organisms in the area: Wind and waves Hard for plants/producers to establish Erosion Lack of shelter

10. Sandy Beaches Continued… Wildlife Salt tolerant plants Algae, beach grass Animals: molluscs (snails, slugs) on shore Crustaceans (crabs, barnacles), jellyfish, sand dollars in shallow waters Marine birds Human Activities Tourism Swimming recreation

11. Salt Marshes Smelly, grassy, mud Found near estuaries and beaches Can extend to mudflat

12. Salt Marshes Continued… Challenges faced by the organisms in the area: Salt conditions change High salt content in summer Less salt content after rain and runoff

13. Salt Marshes Continued… Wildlife Rushes, sea lavender, sedge (grasses) Mussels, dog whelks, crabs, worms, minnows, birds, fish Human Activities Bird watching

14. Mudflats Silt, clay, fine sand, sloping shore Starting point for salt marsh

15. Mudflats Continued… Challenges faced by the organisms in the area: Currents change the shape Salt levels vary

16. Mudflats Continued… Wildlife Few plants (some in upper region) Diatoms, algae (microscopic to larger – kelp) Bird: piping plover, sandpiper Clams, mussels, burrowing worms Human Activities Clam digging Bird watching