1. Gas Laws

2. Gas Pressure Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Gas particles exert pressure when they collide with the walls of their container. The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa). However, there are several units of pressure –Pascal (Pa) –Kilopascal (KPa) –Atmosphere (atm) –mmHg –Torr

3. Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume Boyle was an Irish chemist who studied the relationship between volume and pressure Boyle’s law states that the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature are inversely proportional.

4. Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas depends on the frequency of collisions between gas particles and the container. If the same number of particles is squeezed into a smaller space, the frequency of collisions increases, thereby increasing the pressure.

5. Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume In mathematical terms, this law is expressed as follows. P 1 = initial pressure V 1 = initial volume P 2 = final pressure V 2 = final volume P1 & P 2 can be in anything as long as they are the same V 1 & V 2 can be in anything as long as they are the same

6. Example A sample of Helium gas is compressed from 4.0 L to 2.5 L at a constant temperature. If the pressure of the gas in the 4.0 L volume is 210 KPa, what will the pressure be at 2.5 L?

7. Example P 1 = 210 KPa P 2 = ? V 1 = 4.0 L V 2 = 2.5 L P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 (210 KPa)(4.0L) = (P2)(2.5 L) P 2 = 340 KPa

8. Charles’ Law: Volume & Temperature Charles was a French physicist who looked at the relationship between temperature and volume He noted that as temperature went up, so did volume when pressure was held constant

9. Charles’ Law: Volume & Temperature This observation is Charles’s law, which can be stated mathematically as follows.

10. Charles’ Law: Volume & Temperature V 1 = V 2 T 1 T 2 V 1 = initial volume V 2 = final volume T 1 = initial temperature T 2 = final temperature V 1 & V 2 can be in any unit as long as they are the same T 1 & T 2 MUST be in Kelvin

11. Temperature conversions K = 273 + °C °C = 0.56 (°F – 32) °F = 1.8 °C + 32

12. Example A sample of gas at 40.0 °C occupies a volume of 2.32 L. If the temperature is raised to 75.0 °C what will the new volume be?

13. Example V 1 = 2.32 L V 2 = ? T 1 = 40.0 °C = 313 K T 2 = 75.0 °C = 348 K V 1 = V 2 T 1 T 2 2.32 L = V 2 313K 348 K V 2 = 2.58 L

14. Gay Lussac’s Law: Pressure & Temperature Gay Lussac studied the relationship between pressure and temperature He noticed that at a constant volume a direct relationship existed between the Kelvin temperature and volume Giving the equation: P 1 = P 2 T 1 T 2

15. Gay Lussac’s Law: Pressure & Temperature P 1 = P 2 T 1 T 2 P 1 = initial pressure P 2 = final pressure T 1 = initial temperature T 2 = final temperature P 1 & P 2 can be in any unit as long as they are the same T 1 & T 2 MUST be in Kelvin

16. Example The pressure of a gas in a tank is 3.20 atm at 22.0 °C. If the temperature rises to 60.0 °C, what will the new pressure in the tank be?

17. Example P 1 = 3.20 atm P 2 = ? T 1 = 22.0 °C = 295 K T 2 = 60.0 °C = 333 K P 1 = P 2 T 1 T 2 3.20 atm = P 2 295K 333K P 2 = 3.61 atm

18. Combined Gas Law P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2 Instead of memorizing all three equations, you can simply memorize this one Just delete what you don’ t need

19. Example A gas at 110.0 kPa and 30.0°C fills a flexible container to a volume of 2.00 L. If the temperature was raised to 80.0°C and the pressure was increased to 440.0 kPa, what is the new volume?

20. Example P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2 P 1 = 110.0 kPa V 1 = 2.00 L T 1 = 30.0 °C = 303 K P 2 = 440.0 kPa V 2 = ? T 2 = 80.0 °C = 353 K

21. Example P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2 (110.0)(2.00L) = (440.0kPa)(V 2 ) 303K 353K V 2 = 0.583 L