1. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 1 Chapter 18 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Section 1: What Are Psychological Disorders? Section 2: Anxiety Disorders Section 3: Dissociative Disorders Section 4: Somatoform Disorders Section 5: Mood Disorders Section 6: Schizophrenia Section 7: Personality Disorders

2. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 2 Chapter 18 Question: What is the basis for classifying psychological disorders? CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Most psychologists believe that it is important to have a widely agreed upon classification of psychological disorders It is important to classify psychological disorders so that individuals can be correctly diagnosed and treated Deviation from average, ideal, subjective discomfort, inability to function and insanity Deviation from average, ideal, subjective discomfort, inability to function and insanity Section 1: What Are Psychological Disorders?

3. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 3 Chapter 18 Question: What is the basis for classifying psychological disorders? Models of Psychopathology Models of Psychopathology Medical Model (Biological Model): Medical Model (Biological Model): underlying causes or etiology of a mental disorder has a biological basis. Treat as illness with medication and medical therapies. Learning Model: Learning Model: abnormal behaviors are learned the same as normal behaviors through conditioning, reinforcements, imitation etc. Treatment consist of retraining and conditioning. Section 1: What Are Psychological Disorders?

4. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 4 Chapter 18 Question: What is the basis for classifying psychological disorders? Psychoanalytic Model (Psychodynamic Model): Psychoanalytic Model (Psychodynamic Model): unconscious motives and conflict. Treatment with psychoanalysis. Humanistic-Existential Model ( Phenomenological Model): Humanistic-Existential Model ( Phenomenological Model): abnormal behavior the result of failure to fullfill one’s self potential. Treatment is therapies used to increase self acceptance. Cognitive Model Cognitive Model: negative thinking causes abnormal behavior, treatment to change faulty thinking. Section 1: What Are Psychological Disorders?

5. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 5 Chapter 18 Question: What are anxiety disorders? ANXIETY DISORDERS Feeling anxious all or most of the time or having anxiety that is out of proportion to the situation provoking it Anxiety that interferes with effective living, the achievement of desired goals, life satisfaction, and emotional comfort Section 2: Anxiety Disorders

6. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 6 Chapter 18

7. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 7 Chapter 18 Question: What are anxiety disorders? General Anxiety Disorders General Anxiety Disorders: continuous, long-lasting uneasiness and tension, cannot identify specific cause. Panic Disorders Panic Disorders: recurrent attack of overwhelming anxiety, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating, faintness and great fear (panic attacks) Phobic Disorders Phobic Disorders: intense fear of specific object, snake, spiders, agoraphobia (public places, or away from home) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: obsessions are persistent unwanted thoughts that are unreasonable (germs) compulsions repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed rituals used to reduce anxiety. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):always follows a traumatic event which causes intense fear and/or helplessness in an individual. Typically the symptoms develop shortly after the event, but may take years. The duration for symptoms is at least one month for this diagnosis. Causes Causes: genetic factors, chemical deficiencies, overreaction to lactic acid or learned responses to stress. Section 2: Anxiety Disorders

8. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 8 Chapter 18 Question: What are dissociative disorders? Characterized by a loss of contact with portions of consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in one’s sense of self. They appear to be an attempt to overcome anxiety and stress by dissociating oneself from the core of one’s personality and result in a loss of memory, identity or consciousness Section 3: Dissociative Disorders

9. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 9 Chapter 18 Question: What are the four dissociative disorders? FOUR DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Amnesia – characterized by a sudden loss of memory usually following a particularly stressful or traumatic event Dissociative Fugue Dissociative Fugue – characterized not only by forgetting personal information and past events but also by suddenly relocating from home or work and taking on a new identity. Rare and occurs most often during extreme stress, wartime or natural disaster Section 3: Dissociative Disorders

10. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 10 Chapter 18 Question: What are the four dissociative disorders? Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder – involves the existence of two or more personalities within a single individual associated with severe psychological stress in childhood, most often ritualistic sexual or physical abuse. Depersonalization Disorder Depersonalization Disorder – feeling of detachment from one’s mental processes or body Cause: about 94% of people were abused as children Section 3: Dissociative Disorders FOUR DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS (continued)

11. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 11 Chapter 18 Question: How do the two most common somatoform disorders differ? DIFFERENCES IN SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Behavior characterized by complaints of physical symptoms in the absence of any real physical illness. About 1 person in 300 has a somatoform disorder, and they are slightly more common in women than in men. Conversion disorder Conversion disorder is characterized by a sudden and severe loss of physical functioning that has no medical explanation. Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis is the unhealthy fear of having a serious disorder Section 4: Somatoform Disorders

12. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 12 Chapter 18 Question: How do psychologists attempt to explain mood disorders? PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF MOOD DISORDERS Some people are prone to depression because they suffered a real or imagined loss of a loved object or person in childhood Some believe that learned helplessness, lack of control over ones life, makes people prone to depression Others believe that some people are prone to depression because of their habitual style of explaining life events Section 5: Mood Disorders

13. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 13 Chapter 18 Question: How do psychologists attempt to explain mood disorders? Involve moods or emotions that are extreme and unwarranted. Strong enough to interfere with daily life. Major depression Major depression: frequent episodes of intense hopelessness, lowered self esteem, eating sleeping problems, reduced sex drive and thoughts of death. 10-25% women once in lifetime and 5-12% men Dysthymic disorder Dysthymic disorder: more common less severe than major, last longer (2 years) Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): sunlight, winter require more sleep and eat more carbohydrates. Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar I Disorder: depression and mania, mood swings Bipolar II Disorder Bipolar II Disorder: hypomania which does not interfere with everyday life. Cyclothymia Cyclothymia: which has less extreme mood swings than bipolar. Section 5: Mood Disorders

14. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 14 Chapter 18 Question: How do psychologists attempt to explain mood disorders? Causes are both psychological and biological Psychodynamic theory Psychodynamic theory states that depression is more frequent in people with strong dependency needs and represents anger or aggression turned inward at oneself. Section 5: Mood Disorders

15. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 15 Chapter 18 Question: What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia neologisms loose associations word salad delusionshallucinations flatinappropriate affect socially withdrawn Schizophrenia is a serious psychotic disorder (out of touch with reality) it involves disorders of thought. Thought is incoherent, sometimes use neologisms (words that only make sense to them), loose associations where thought appears logically unconnected, and word salad (jumbled words that do not make sense). Have delusions, hallucinations, flat (absent) or inappropriate affect ( no emotions) and socially withdrawn. Section 6: Schizophrenia

16. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 16 Chapter 18 Question: What are the subtypes of schizophrenia? SUBTYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Paranoid Schizophrenia – delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations relating to a single theme Disorganized Schizophrenia – incoherent in their thoughts and speech and disorganized in their behavior Catatonic Schizophrenia – disturbance of movement, still to extreme excitement. Section 6: Schizophrenia

17. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 17 Chapter 18 Question: What are the subtypes of schizophrenia? Undifferentiated: no one type dominates, 40% Residual: has had prior episode of schizophrenia but currently is not displaying major symptoms. Section 6: Schizophrenia

18. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 18 Chapter 18 Question: How do personality disorders differ from other psychological disorders? PERSONALITY DISORDERS A personality disorder is part of an individual’s makeup influencing virtually all behavior and thought Other psychological disorders tend to be discrete episodes of illness that can be distinguished from the individual’s usual behavior Section 7: Personality Disorders

19. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 19 Chapter 18 Question: How do personality disorders differ from other psychological disorders? Antisocial: no regard for moral/ethics, violates rights of others, manipulative, impulsive,lacks conscience or guilt. Ex. Iceman Narcissistic: exaggerated sense of self, fantasies of success. Lack empathy, expect special treatment. Paranoid: suspicion/mistrust of people, easily offended. Histrionic: overreacts in response to minor situations, vain shallow, dependent or manipulative. Avoidant: loner, oversensitive to rejection, low self esteem Schizotypal: strangeness in thinking, speech and behavior, cognitive and perceptual disturbances. Schizoid: discomfort from social relationships Borderline: instability in interpersonal relationships Dependent: submissive and clinging relationships, excessive need to be taken care of. Obsessive-Compulsive: orderliness, perfectionism and control Section 7: Personality Disorders