2. 4
Sketching and Visualization
How is sketching used in the engineering design process? How can engineers use visualization to assist in creating new designs?
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. 4 Sketching and Visualization Define technical drawing.
Understand how sketching fits into the design process.
Summarize two types of sketches.
Identify and use sketching tools.
Describe the difference between pictorial and multiview projections.
Identify important practices when using CAD for lettering.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. 4 Sketching and Visualization Recognize the need for visualization.
continued
Recognize the need for visualization.
Apply the concepts of image planes and projection to visualize 3D objects.
Examine the role of color and rendering in visualizing 3D objects.
Differentiate between visualizing one object and visualizing a group of objects.
Recognize how visualization can be applied in a number of technical fields.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. 4 Sketching and Visualization
Engineers understand the need for sketching in the engineering design process. They know that visualization helps communicate alternative solutions to customers. It is important for engineers to master different types of sketching techniques.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Creating Technical Sketches
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Creating Technical Sketches
Technical sketching can be done using CAD systems.
>
technical sketching
process of producing a rough, preliminary drawing representing the main features of a product or structure

7. Creating Technical Sketches
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Creating Technical Sketches
Freehand Technical Drawings

8. Creating Technical Sketches
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Creating Technical Sketches
Technical Sketch
Multiview Sketch
Pictorial Sketch
Shaded Sketch

9. Understanding Types of Sketching
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Understanding Types of Sketching
Ideation Sketches
>
ideation sketches
quick, simplified, annotated freehand sketches used to solidify design ideas

10. Understanding Types of Sketching
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Understanding Types of Sketching
Document Sketches
Ideation Sketches
>
document sketches
formalized, annotated, freehand sketches that are neater and more refined than ideation sketches

11. Understanding Types of Sketching
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Understanding Types of Sketching
Document Sketches
Contour Sketching
Ideation Sketches
>
contour sketching
technique used by novice sketchers to gain confidence in their sketching ability

12. Understanding Types of Sketching
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Understanding Types of Sketching
Document Sketches
Contour Sketching
Ideation Sketches
Negative Space Sketching
>
negative space sketching
technique concentrating on the spaces between objects

13. Understanding Types of Sketching
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Understanding Types of Sketching
Document Sketches
Contour Sketching
Ideation Sketches
Negative Space Sketching
Upside-Down Sketching
>
upside-down sketching
technique used for improving sketcher’s sketching ability

14. 4.1 Sketching Techniques Lettering by Hand
Characters should be consistent.
Use guidelines.
Pay attention to the uniformity of spacing between letters.
Do not try to have equal spacing between each letter.

15. 4.1
Sketching Techniques
Lettering by Hand
Gothic Lettering

16. Creating Straight Lines
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Creating Straight Lines
Mechanical versus Sketched Lines
Grid paper is the easiest guide for sketched lines.
For nonparallel lines, draw between two points.
Changing the orientation of the paper can help drawing lines.
Your body should be relaxed when drawing.
Use the edge of the paper as a guide for straight lines.

17. 4.1 Sketching Techniques Creating Curved Lines Points of Tangency >
midpoints on each side of a square mark where the circle will touch the square

18. Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
Construction lines are not drawn to exact lengths, because lengths are marked later with intersecting lines or by short tick marks.
>
construction lines
light, thin lines used to roughly lay out some of the details of sketches or drawings

19. Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
Locating the Center of Squares and Rectangles

20. Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
Constructing Proportioned Squares

21. Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
Sketching Identically Proportioned Squares

22. Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
Scaling an Object on Grid Paper

23. Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Sketching Proportions and Construction Lines
Creating a Proportioned Sketch

24. Understanding Projections
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Understanding Projections
Projection methods were developed to address the problem of trying to represent 3D images on 2D media.

25. Understanding Projections
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Understanding Projections
>
isometric pictorial sketch
type of parallel projection that represents all three dimensions in a single image
Isometric Pictorial Sketch
Isometric Ellipse
>
isometric ellipses
type of ellipse used to represent holes and ends of cylinders in isometric drawings
Isometric Grid Paper
>
isometric grid paper
paper made up of vertical and 30-degree grid lines
Oblique Sketch
>
oblique sketch
pictorial in which front face is seen in its true shape, is square with the paper, and is drawn at an angle to the horizontal

26. Understanding Projections
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Understanding Projections
Isometric Representation of Circles

27. Understanding Projections
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Understanding Projections
Constructing Oblique Sketches

28. Creating Multiview Sketches
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Creating Multiview Sketches
One-View Sketches
The simplest multiview sketch
Represents two dimensions of an object
Two-View Sketches
Scale and arrange two views on the drawing so that there is approximately equal spacing between each view and the edge of the paper
Three-View Sketches
Intended for more complex images
Make sure that all three views stay aligned with their neighboring views

29. Creating Perspective Projections
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Creating Perspective Projections
>
perspective projections
method that represents 3D objects on 2D media in a manner closest to how humans perceive the objects with their eyes
Vanishing Point (VP)
>
horizon line (HL)
imaginary line in the distance where objects are infinitely small and parallel lines converge
Horizon Line (HL)
>
vanishing point (VP)
point on a horizon line where parallel lines converge
Ground Line (GL)
>
ground line (GL)
portion of sketch in which object closest to the observer rests on the ground plane

30. Creating Perspective Projections
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Creating Perspective Projections

31. Sketching Using Constraint-Based Modeling Software
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Sketching Using Constraint-Based Modeling Software
Dimensions
Constraints
Tools Used to Define Features on a Sketch
References
Relations

32. Sketching Using Constraint-Based Modeling Software
4.1
Sketching Techniques
Sketching Using Constraint-Based Modeling Software
Guidelines for making a sketch with parametric modeling programs
>
parametric
term used to describe curves explained by mathematical functions instead of coordinates
The shape and proportions of the sketch are important, not the size.
The dimensions used to describe the features should match the design intent.
Geometric constraints of the features should match the design intent.

33. 4.1
Sketching Techniques
Identify the steps to create a proportioned sketch.

34. 4.1
Sketching Techniques
Describe the difference between multiview and pictorial sketches.

35. 4.1
Sketching Techniques
Explain how you would select the views to include in a multiview sketch.

36. Greatly enhances the speed and accuracy with which sketches are made
4.2
Visualization
Visualizing Designs
Visualization
Enhances the ability to understand existing objects and objects that are not manufactured yet
Greatly enhances the speed and accuracy with which sketches are made
Assists in building and manipulating a 3D design and model in the virtual world
>
visualization
mental understanding of visual information

37. Understanding Visualization Abilities
4.2
Visualization
Understanding Visualization Abilities
You do not have to be able to draw like Leonardo da Vinci in order for your graphics to be useful in the design process.
We all have the ability to use imagery to solve problems that are spatial in nature.
Your brain has a desire to organize the visual information around you.

38. Understanding the Visualization Cycle
4.2
Visualization
Understanding the Visualization Cycle
Hand/Eye/Mind Connection
The brain processes and interprets the meaning of visual information.
The brain also controls the muscles holding the pencil.

39. Visualizing Solid Object Features
4.2
Visualization
Visualizing Solid Object Features
Solid Object Features
>
limiting element
line that represents the farthest outside feature of the curved surface

40. Visualizing Solid Object Features
4.2
Visualization
Visualizing Solid Object Features
An important attribute, found on the brick, is a corner, or vertex.
>
vertex
corner of an object, where two edges meet

41. Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
4.2
Visualization
Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
Three variables in the use of image planes
The Object Being Viewed
>
image plane
2D plane imaged by the human eyes
The Image Plane
The Eye of the Viewer

42. Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
4.2
Visualization
Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
Pictorial View
Projection on the Image Plane

43. Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
4.2
Visualization
Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
Object-Image Plane Orientation

44. Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
4.2
Visualization
Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
Inclined Face Projection
>
inclined face
face rotated about either the vertical or horizontal axis

45. Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
4.2
Visualization
Using Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
Oblique Face Projection
>
oblique face
face created by rotation about both axes

46. Understanding Other Visualization Techniques
4.2
Visualization
Understanding Other Visualization Techniques
Parallel versus Perspective Projection

47. Understanding Other Visualization Techniques
4.2
Visualization
Understanding Other Visualization Techniques
Shading and coloring are cues that can aide the visualization of an object.
Shearing is a tool in multiple object visualization.

48. Using Graphical Analysis in Engineering
4.2
Visualization
Using Graphical Analysis in Engineering
Data graphical analysis can be used with consumer surveys, repair records, and cost information.
>
data graphical analysis
visualization process used in engineering analysis to display and explore empirical data in the form of graphics

49. Understanding Virtual Reality and Visualization
4.2
Visualization
Understanding Virtual Reality and Visualization
The goal of virtual reality (VR) is not only to make the model realistic, but also to allow an enhanced interaction with the model.

50. 4.2 Visualization Using Visualization Mechanical Design Civil Projects
3D modeling systems interact with software
Physical designs are needed for further evaluation
Civil Projects
Designing roads requires considering the road as well as the shape of the land
3D rendering helps nonprofessionals visualize a project

51. 4.2
Visualization
identify two ways that visualization can be used in engineering.

52. 4.2
Visualization
Describe two attributes important in defining a solid object.

53. 4.2
Visualization
Explain when engineers should consider using virtual reality.

54. End of