1. Figure 4.1-2
The signal

2. Figure 4.2-1
Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization of the signals
and the corresponding
orthogonal signals.

3. Figure 4.2-2
The four signal vectors represented as
points in three-dimensional function
space.

4. Figure 4.2-3 An alternative set of orthonormal functions
for the four signals in
Figure 4.2-1a and the
corresponding signal
points.

5. Figure 4.3-1
Signal space diagram for digital
PAM signals.

6. Figure 4.3-2
Baseband and band-pass
PAM signals.

7. Figure 4.3-3
Signal space diagrams for PSK signals.

8. Figure 4.3-4
Examples of combined PAM-
PSK signal space diagrams.

9. Figure 4.3-5
Several signal space
diagrams for
rectangular QAM.

10. Figure 4.3-6
Subdivision of time and frequency axes into
distinct slots.

11. Figure 4.3-7
Cross-correlation coefficient
as a function of frequency
separation for FSK signals.

12. Figure 4.3-8
Orthogonal signals for M = N = 3
and M = N = 2.

13. Figure 4.3-9
Signal space diagrams for M = 4 and
M = 6 biorthogonal signals.

14. Figure
Signal space diagrams for M-ary
simplex signals.

15. Figure
Signal space diagrams for
signals generated from binary
codes.

16. Figure 4.3-12 Baseband signals.

17. Figure
State diagram for the NRZI
signal.

18. Figure
The trellis diagram for the NRZI
signal.

19. Figure
State diagram (a) and basic waveforms (b) for delay modulated
(Miller-encoded) signal.

20. Figures a , b
Pulse shapes for full
response CPM

21. Figure c , d
Pulse shapes for partial
response CPM.

22. Figure e
Pulse shapes for partial
response CPM.

23. Figure
Phase trajectory for
binary CPFSK.

24. Figure
Phase trajectory for
quaternary CPFSK.

25. Figure
Phase trajectories for binary CPFSK (dashed) and binary, partial
response CPM based on raised cosine pulse of length 3T (solid).
[From Sundberg (1986), © 1986 IEEE.]

26. Figure 4.3-20 Phase cylinder for binary CPM with h = ½ and a
raised cosine pulse of
length 3T. [From
Sundberg (1986), © 1986
IEEE.

27. Figure
State trellis for binary CPFSK with h = ½

28. Figure 4.3-22 State diagram for binary CPFSK with h = ½.

29. Figure
Representation of an MSK
signal as a form of two
staggered binary PSK
signals, each with a
sinusoidal envelope.

30. Figure 4.4-1
Rectangular pulse and its energy density spectrum

31. Figure 4.4-2
Raised cosine pulse and its energy density spectrum

32. Figure 4.4-6 Power density spectra of MSK and offset QPSK. [From
Gronemeyer and McBride (1976); © IEEE.]

33. Figure 4.4-7
Fractional out-of-band power (normalized two-sided bandwidth = 2WT). [From Gronemeyer and
McBride (1976); © 1976 IEEE.]

34. Figure
Power spectral density (one-
sided) of Miller code (delay
modulation) and NRZ/NRZI
baseband signals. [From Hecht
and Guida (1969); © 1969
IEEE.]