1. Bonding and Chemical Reactions

2. Compounds and Molecules
Chemical Bond: forces that hold atoms together in a compound.
Chemical Structure: the arrangement of atoms in a substance
Bond length: distance between nucleus of 2 atoms
Bond Angle: angle the bonds between 3 or more atoms form

3. Chemical Structure compounds with networks are strong solids
ex: diamond, quartz, many rocks
networked compounds have melting and boiling points
ex: salts, rocks, diamonds

4. Chemical Structure Some compounds are made of molecules
ex: H2, O2, N2, CO2 are all gases with weak attraction
hydrogen bonds are very strong

5. Bonding Atoms form bonds so each atom has 8 valence electrons.
This is known as stable.

6. Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonds: between oppositely charged atoms; usually on opposite sides of the periodic table (nonmetal and a metal)
transfer electrons
form networks, not molecules
conduct electricity

7. Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds: share electrons; usually between 2 elements close on the periodic table (2 nonmetals)
nonpolar covalent bond: e- shared equally
polar covalent bond: e- shared unequally

8. Metallic Bonding
“sea of electrons”: electrons can “float” freely between atoms; allows metals to conduct electricity well

9. Compound Names and Formulas
Compounds have specific names so you can tell how many and what atoms are in the compound/molecule.

10. Ionic compounds MUST have a total charge of zero!!
Ionic Naming
Cations are just the name of the element
Anions have -ide at the end of the element’s name
Sodium Chloride
Cation is ALWAYS FIRST
Anion is ALWAYS LAST
Ionic compounds MUST have a total charge of zero!!
Na+1 + Cl-1 = NaCl = 0 charge!

11. Transition Metal Naming
Transition metals show their charges as Roman Numerals because they can change charge!!
FeO = Fe+2 + O-2
Iron (II) Oxide
Fe2O3 = Fe+3 + O-2
Iron (III) Oxide

12. What is the formula for Lithium Oxide?

13. What is the name for CuCl2?

14. If you only have 1 cation, you don’t need a prefix!
Covalent Naming
To name covalent compounds, you must put a prefix in front of the element’s name.
mono-
di-
tri-
tetra-
penta-
hexa-
hepta-
octa-
nona-
deca-
If you only have 1 cation, you don’t need a prefix!

15. What is the name of H2O?

16. Formulas
Empirical Formula: smallest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound
Molecular Formula: how many atoms are in a molecule of a compound
GLUCOSE
Empirical Formula
Molecular Formula
CH2O
C6H12O6

17. Chemical Reactions Rearrange atoms Involve changes in energy
Exothermic: release energy (heat, fire, fizz, etc)
Endothermic: absorb energy (drop in temp.)

18. methane and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water
Chemical Equations
methane and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water
___ CH4 + ___ O ___CO2 + ___ H2O
Reactants
Products

19. Balance the reaction.
___ Mg + ___ O ___MgO

20. Balance the reaction.
___ H2O ___H2O + ___ O2

21. Reaction Types Synthesis: A + B AB Decomposition: AB A + B
Combustion: ALWAYS HAS O2 AS A REACTANT!
AB + O AO + BO

22. Reaction Types Single-Replacement (single-displacement): AX + B A + BX
Double-Replacement (double-displacement):
AX + BY AY + BX