1. Adrenal Gland

2. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs ~ 4 g. Consists of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla Activities are regulation of fluid volume and stress response

3. The Adrenal Gland: Anatomy

4. Adrenal Histology

5. Adrenal Cortex Is divided into 3 zones in the adult gland: Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Rericularis. Is divided onto 4 zones in the fetal gland. The three zones of the permanent cortex constitutes only 20% of the fetal gland’s size. The remaining zone (fetal cortex) comprises up to 80% of gland’s size during fetal life.

6. Aldosterone, sex hormones, cortisol Synthesized from cholesterol–steroid ring Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormone Production

8. Cortisol and Chronic Stress Prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels can lead to break down of muscle, excessive epinephrine release, hyperglycemia, weakening of bone, destruction of the immune system, inhibition of reproductive function, and other complications.

9. Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress Permissive effect on glucagon Memory, learning and mood Gluconeogenesis Skeletal muscle breakdown Lipolysis, calcium balance Immune depression Circadian rhythms

11. The General Adaptation Syndrome

14. Permissive Effects of Cortisol on Development Cortisol is required for normal development: - permissive role in final maturation of many organs - required for synthesis of digestive enzymes, surfactant - required for skeletal growth in children

15. Hormone Effects on Gene Activity Cortisol

16. Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress to living

17. Control of Cortisol Secretion: Feedback Loops External stimuli Hypothalamic Anterior Pituitary Adrenal cortex Tissues

18. Cortisol: Role in Diseases and Medication Use as immunosuppressant –Hyperimmune reactions (bee stings) –Serious side effects Hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome) –Tumors (pituitary or adrenal) –Iatrogenic (physician caused) Hypocortisolism (Addison's disease)

19. Aldosterone Exclusively synthesized in Z. Glomerulosa Essential for life. Promotes sodium retention and Potassium elimination by the kidney. Expands ECF volume

20. Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion

21. Aldosterone: Role in Diseases Complete failure to secrete aldosterone leads to death (dehydration, low blood volume). Hyperalsdosterone states: Contribute to hypertension associated with increased blood volume.

22. Sympathetic stimulation –Catecholamine release to blood Epinephrine Norepinephrine –Travel to: Multiple targets Distant targets Adrenal Medulla: A Modified Sympathetic Ganglion

24. Mechanism: Norepinephrine Release and Recycling

25. Review of Efferent Pathways: Motor and Autonomic

26. Catechalomines: Activity Stimulates the “fight or fight” reaction Increased plasma glucose levels Increased cardiovascular function Increased metabolic function Decreased gastrointestinal and genitourinary function

27. Activity of Epinephrine