1. Nervous System What are the functions of the nervous system?
1) Detect stimuli (environment & self)
2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory
3) Respond (movements, maintain homeostasis etc.)

2. Nervous System Nerve cells ~ Maintaining cells ~ Neuron anatomy:
What are the Structural/functional units of the Nervous System?
Nerve cells ~
Maintaining cells ~
Neuron anatomy:

3. Nervous System What are the different types of Neurons?
Structural types: *
Functional types:
Association ~ Interneurons
Afferent ~ Sensory neurons
Efferent ~ Motor neurons

4. Figure 16.3

5. Figure 16.5

6. Nervous System ______________: control substances entering/leaving CSF
What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?
______________: control substances entering/leaving CSF
Associated with _______________ which is formed by endothelial cells of blood vessels.

7. Nervous System ______________:
What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?
______________:
Line the ventricles (cavities) of CNS, create cerebral spinal fluid and aid in its circulation.

8. Figure 16.1

9. Nervous System
What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?
______________: Cells in the PNS that wrap around single axons forming _______________.
The gaps in between Schwann cells are called …

10. Figure 16.2

11. Nervous System ________________:
What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?
________________:
Cells in the ____ that have multiple extensions that wrap around multiple axons forming myelin sheaths.

12. Figure 16.4

13. Nervous System _____________:
What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?
_____________:
Small specialized macrophages that attract to areas of damage in the CNS and phagocytize debris

14. Nervous System
The Brain: development…
Our central nervous system has humble origins early in our development (by 3rd wk.)
A plate (_____________) of cells develop crests (___________) that rise and eventually meet and fuse leaving the hollow …

15. Nervous System The Brain: development…
Swellings around 3 continuous chambers are precursors to forebrain (____________), midbrain (____________) and hindbrain (________________)
Further differentiation results in 5 brain parts:

16. Nervous System The Brain: development…
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon

17. Figure 16.25

18. Figure 16.32

19. Nervous System The basic components of the CNS include the:
The Brain: the big picture…
The basic components of the CNS include the:

20. Nervous System * Central Nervous System (CNS)
How is the Nervous System organized? *
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
43 (12 cranial & 31 spinal nerves)

21. Figure 16.6

22. Nervous System The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges
The Brain: from the outside in…
The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges
3 layers: ______________~ outermost, tough, continuous with periosteum
_______________~ middle layer, spider-web appearance
_______________~ innermost layer, not visible to naked eye

23. Nervous System
The Brain: from the outside in…
ml of CSF circulates throughout the ventricles, down the central canal of the spinal cord and throughout the ____________________.
______________________ back into blood primarily at the venous sinuses found within the dura mater.

24. Nervous System Ventricles are comprised of 4 major cavities: 1&2 ~ …
The Brain: from the outside in…
Ventricles are comprised of 4 major cavities: 1&2 ~ …
____________space within thalamus
____________between cerebellum and brainstem
channel connecting 3rd and 4th cerebral (mesencephalon) aqueduct and if blocked can result in ________________

25. Nervous System
The Brainstem:
Most inferior portion, functions as a conduction pathway (descending motor neuron pathways ___________ here) _______________________
Reflex centers for:
regulating heart rate
blood vessel diameter
coughing, sneezing
breathing
swallowing

26. Nervous System Superior to Medulla oblongata.
The Brainstem:
Superior to Medulla oblongata.
Contains more ascending and descending pathways.
Relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum.
Also includes sleep and respiratory centers.

27. Nervous System Small section superior to the pons.
The Brainstem:
Small section superior to the pons.
Part of the auditory pathways and visual reflexes
Also involved in regulating muscle tone/activity and coordination

28. Nervous System “_______________________”
The Diencephalon:
“_______________________”
Most sensory stimuli project to the thalamus, which in turn projects to the cerebrum.
Thalamus also influences moods and activities associated with strong emotion.
Two concepts:

29. Nervous System
The Diencephalon:
Major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.
Centers associated with: *
* Thermoregulation * Cardiovascular regulation * * Sleep/waking * Emotional behavior

30. Nervous System
The Brain: Cerebrum (bumps and grooves)
The sulcus dividing frontal and parietal lobes is ______________.
Ridges on either side are …
Pre CS ~
Post CS ~
Motor
Sensory

31. Page 665

32. Nervous System Responsible for balance, muscle tone and coordination
The Brain:
Responsible for balance, muscle tone and coordination
Fine motor coordination due to __________ _________… compares intended movements with actual movements
Can also “learn” complex movements

33. Figure 16.33

34. Figure 16.35gh

35. Nervous System
Figure 16.11
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

36. Nervous System Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?
Figure 16.13cd
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

37. Figure 16.15

38. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

39. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

40. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

41. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

42. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

43. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

44. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

45. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

46. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

47. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

48. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

49. Nervous System
Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

50. Nervous System Why is the tongue innervated the way it is?
Depends on ontogenetic & phylogenetic history
Anterior = 1st arch =
Taste buds = 1st 2nd arch = (for fish)
Posterior buds = 3rd arch =
Muscles are myotomal =

51. Nervous System Spinal cord is link between brain and PNS
What is the anatomy of the spinal cord?
Spinal cord is link between brain and PNS
Spinal cord ends ~ L2 vertebra but trailing nerves form …
Enlargements for regions innervating limbs …
Regions of convergence/divergence called plexuses

52. Nervous System How are the layers of the meninges arranged?
The ___________ extends down the vertebral foramen.
There is a __________ that is largely a “potential space”
The ________ and ____________ are arranged similarly as in the cranium.

53. Nervous System
How does spinal cord form denote function?
Spinal cord contains white and gray matter (Remember the significance of each?)
gangli
Spinal cord w/ distinct anterior and posterior formations, including “horns” of gray matter. ______________contains neuron cell bodies that synapse with afferent neurons. ______________contains neuron cell bodies that send efferent axon ______________~ autonomic neuron cell bodies

54. Figure 16.7

55. Figure 16.8

56. Figure 16.9a

57. Figure 16.10

58. Nervous System
What is the association between cutaneous sensation and spinal nerves?
Spinal nerves innervate specific regions of the body and are mapped out on a ______________
Predict the possible site of nerve damage for a patient who suffered whiplash and developed anesthesia in the left arm, forearm and hand!

59. Figure 16.9bc

60. Nervous System Crossed extensor (withdrawal 3) reflex: 1) 2) 3)
What are the various spinal reflexes and how do they work?
Crossed extensor (withdrawal 3) reflex: 1) 2) 3)

61. Figure 16.29

62. Table 16.4

63. Figure 16.20

64. Figure 16.21

65. Figure 16.24

66. Page 657

67. Figure 16.36