1. HYPERTENSION BY CINDY MENDEZ

2. BASICS Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls. The heart pumps blood into the arteries (blood vessels), which carry the blood throughout the body. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls. The heart pumps blood into the arteries (blood vessels), which carry the blood throughout the body.

3. BASICS hypertension is dangerous because it makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the body and it contributes to hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis. hypertension is dangerous because it makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the body and it contributes to hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis.

4. Basics What Is "Normal" Blood Pressure? What Is "Normal" Blood Pressure? There are several categories of blood pressure, including: There are several categories of blood pressure, including: Normal: Less than 120/80 Normal: Less than 120/80 Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89 Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89 Stage 1 hypertension: 140-159/90-99 Stage 1 hypertension: 140-159/90-99 Stage 2 hypertension: 160 and above/100 and above Stage 2 hypertension: 160 and above/100 and above

5. What Causes Hypertension? The exact causes of hypertension are not known. Several factors and conditions may play a role in its development, including: The exact causes of hypertension are not known. Several factors and conditions may play a role in its development, including: Smoking Smoking Obesity Obesity Lack of physical activity Lack of physical activity Too much salt in the diet Too much salt in the diet Too much alcohol consumption (no more than 1 to 2 drinks per day) Too much alcohol consumption (no more than 1 to 2 drinks per day) Stress Stress Older age Older age Genetics Genetics

6. Etiology & Pathophysiology COMMONN DISORDER THAT IS KNOWN AS A CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTOR COMMONN DISORDER THAT IS KNOWN AS A CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTOR IS PRESSURE EXCERTED BY THE CIRCULATING VOLUME OF BLOOD, ON THE WALLS OF THE ARTERIES, VEINS AND ON THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART. IS PRESSURE EXCERTED BY THE CIRCULATING VOLUME OF BLOOD, ON THE WALLS OF THE ARTERIES, VEINS AND ON THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART. AND PRESSURE IS REGULATED BY HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS, LUMEN SIZE OF ARTERIES, AND ARTERIOLES,AND THE FORCE OF CARDIAC CONTRACTION. AND PRESSURE IS REGULATED BY HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS, LUMEN SIZE OF ARTERIES, AND ARTERIOLES,AND THE FORCE OF CARDIAC CONTRACTION.

7. What Are the Symptoms of Hypertension? There are usually no symptoms or signs of hypertension. In fact, nearly one-third of those who have it don't know it. There are usually no symptoms or signs of hypertension. In fact, nearly one-third of those who have it don't know it. If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for, including: If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for, including: Severe headache Severe headache Fatigue or confusion Fatigue or confusion Vision problems Vision problems Chest pain Chest pain Difficulty breathing Difficulty breathing Irregular heartbeat Irregular heartbeat Blood in the urine Blood in the urine

8. Diagnostic Test Brain, heart and kidney function test. Brain, heart and kidney function test. CBC CBC Serum levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, hemoglobin, and hematocrit Serum levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, hemoglobin, and hematocrit Lipid profile; fasting blood glucose level Lipid profile; fasting blood glucose level Creatinine, BUN, urinalysis, iv pyelography (efect on kidneys) Creatinine, BUN, urinalysis, iv pyelography (efect on kidneys) Chest x-rayand echocardiography Chest x-rayand echocardiography

9. Medical Management Drug therapy including: Drug therapy including: Beta-adrenergic blocker Beta-adrenergic blocker lopressor, corgard, inderal, lopressor, corgard, inderal, Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) Captopen, vasotec, prinivil, zestril Captopen, vasotec, prinivil, zestril Angiotensin II receptor blockers Angiotensin II receptor blockers Diovan, cozaar, avapro Diovan, cozaar, avapro Calcium channel blockers Calcium channel blockers Cardizem, norvasc, procardia Cardizem, norvasc, procardia Alpha agonist Alpha agonist Clonidine Clonidine Diuretics Diuretics

10. Medical Management Non pharmacologic therapy Non pharmacologic therapy Loss of excess weight Loss of excess weight Reduce saturated fat Reduce saturated fat Limit alcohol intake Limit alcohol intake Exercise regularly Exercise regularly Reduce sodium intake Reduce sodium intake Consume enough potassium, calcium, and magnesium Consume enough potassium, calcium, and magnesium Stop smoking Stop smoking Relaxation techniques and stress management Relaxation techniques and stress management

11. What Health Problems Are Associated With Hypertension? Stroke, heart failure, haert attack, kidney failure and vision problems. Stroke, heart failure, haert attack, kidney failure and vision problems.

12. Prognosis Untreated hypertension results in loss of elasticity in arterioles and replaced by fibrous tissue. Resulting in decreased tissue perfussion especially in the heart, kidneys, and the brain. Untreated hypertension results in loss of elasticity in arterioles and replaced by fibrous tissue. Resulting in decreased tissue perfussion especially in the heart, kidneys, and the brain. With treatment the prognosis is usually good. With treatment the prognosis is usually good.