1. Evolution

2. Biology Evolution Unit Day 5
ClipBird Lab
Biology
Evolution Unit
Day 5

3. ClipLand Scene Here we see a new species called ClipBirds.
They were tragically split into two populations---the East ClipLand and the West ClipLand.
How are these birds alike? How are they different?
tell the class a fanciful but engaging story about a population of imaginary birds (Clipbirds) that lives happily in a faraway fictional place, known as Clipland. Point out to the class that somehow the large population became divided into two smaller populations, east and west. Perhaps a mountain range rose up in a big hurry, or a flock of the Clipbirds got lost and ended up on the opposite side of a preexisting range of mountains. (This is fictional, so have some fun with it.)

4. Food Values Food Values in Megacalories Megacalories Needed
Marblefruit 10
Big Tootfruit 5
Tiny tootfruit 2
To Survive
To Reproduce
Big bill 80
160
Medium bill 50
100
Small Bill 25

5. ClipBird Populations West Clipland East Clipland 1st Season 2nd Season
3rd Season
4th Season
Big Bill
Medium Bill
Small Bill
1st Season
2nd Season
3rd Season
4th Season
Big Bill
Medium Bill
Small Bill

6. Discussion What happened to these populations?
What factors had an impact on their lifestyles?

7. Vocabulary
Adaptation- inherited trait that increases a population’s chances of survival and reproduction in a particular environment.
What types of adaptations did we see here?

8. Vocabulary
Niche- habitat and the role a population plays in that habitat. Includes where organisms live, what and how they eat, how they raise their offspring, and what their predators are.
What were the examples of the niche that we saw in this lab?

10. News Reporters
You are a news reporter and are writing a story on Charles Darwin and his theory.
Need to answer the 6 questions of Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How.
Have today during class to find your information. Hand in by tomorrow.

11. Background Information
In Mediaeval times, people believed in Spontaneous Generation.
Idea that living things could come from non-living things.

12. Example of Spontaneous Generation
Observation: Every year in the spring, the Nile River flooded areas of Egypt along the river, leaving behind nutrient-rich mud that enabled the people to grow that year’s crop of food. However, along with the muddy soil, large numbers of frogs appeared that weren’t around in drier times.
Conclusion: It was perfectly obvious to people back then that muddy soil gave rise to the frogs.

13. Redi’s Experiment
In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat.
One jar was covered with a stopper, one was covered with gauze, and one was left open.

14. Redi’s Data
In the uncovered jars, flies entered and laid eggs on the meat. Maggots hatched from these eggs and grew into more adult flies.
Adult flies laid eggs on the gauze on the gauze-covered jars. These eggs or the maggots from them dropped through the gauze onto the meat.
In the sealed jars, no flies, maggots, nor eggs could enter, thus none were seen in those jars. Maggots arose only where flies were able to lay eggs.

15. Redi’s Conclusions Only flies can make more flies
This experiment disproved the idea of spontaneous generation for larger organisms.

16. Louis Pasteur
In1864 Louis Pasteur, disproved spontaneous generation in microscopic organisms.
Pasteur boiled broth in various-shaped flasks to sterilize it, then let it cool. As the broth and air in the containers cooled, fresh room air was drawn into the containers. None of the flasks were sealed — all were exposed to the outside air in one way or another.

17. Louis Pasteur’s Findings
Broth in flasks with necks opening straight up spoiled while broth in swan-neck flasks did not, even though fresh air could get it.
Broth in flasks with cotton plugs did not spoil, even though air could get through the cotton. If the neck of a swan-neck flask was broken off short, allowing bacteria to enter, then the broth became contaminated.

18. Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck?
1809- French Scientist who reasoned that fossils of extinct animals were the ancestors of those living today.
Developed a theory of evolution
Organisms are constantly striving to improve themselves.
Use it or lose it! Most-used body structures are maintained, while others waste away.
Inheritance of acquired characteristics.

19. Discussion—So What Are the Important Aspects of Darwin’s Theory?
Natural Selection
Sexual reproduction causes variation within a species, some of which are favorable.
There is a struggle for exsistance.
Not all young produced in each generation can survive. (Nature overproduces)
Individuals that survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations.
So here’s the deal. For main concepts of natural selection

20. Discussion—So What Are the Important Aspects of Darwin’s Theory?
Geological Change is slow.
These gradual geological changes can influence plant and animal life over time.
This Theory is called Gradualism
Artificial Selection
Selective breeding of domestic animals and crops to gain most desirable characteristics.
How does this affect us now?

21. Vocabulary to Know Terms People and Theories Natural Selction
Variation
Gradulism
Artificial Selection
Spontaneous Generation
People and Theories
Darwin
Jean-Baptiste Lamark
Louis Pasteur
Francesco Redi
Add all of these terms and people to your evolution foldables!!

23. Lucy

24. Lucy Discussion
Comparing hominids from Lucy’s lifetime to your own, do you think there have been more changes in physical characteristics of the body (such as hands, feet, head, posture) or more changes in how hominids lived (types of shelter, ways of getting around, ways of gathering food)?

25. Lucy Discussion
Which aspects of your description were based on evidence?
Which aspects of your description were inferences related to evidence?
Which aspects of your descriptions were guesses?

26. Hominoids vs. Hominids??
MUGAN WORKSHEET!!!!!

27. Primate Family Tree Anthropoids Hominoids Hominids
Old World African Old World
Monkeys Gibbon Orangutans Human Apes Monkeys
Anthropoids
Hominoids
Hominids

29. Evidence for Evolution
Animal Structure
Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Structures
Fossils

30. Cause and Effect Relationships
Speciation
Cause: Evolution of one or more species from a common ancestor.
Effect: New species created

31. Cause and Effect Relationships
Divergent Evolution
Cause: geological barrier separates members of the population
Effect: Two different species evolve
Convergent Evolution
Cause: Natural selection produces analogical adaptations in response to environmental conditions.
Effect: Two similar species

32. Cause and Effect Relationships
Coevolution
Cause: Environmental factors cause two species to evolve together.
Effect:Special relationships between organisms. Ex. Flowers and bees.
Adaptive Radiation
Cause: An open habitat creates many different evolutionary tracts for one species
Effect: many diverse species from one common ancestor.

33. Population Genetics
Gene Pool: Combined genetic material of all the members of a given population.
Allele Frequencies: Percentage of appearance of a single allele in a gene pool.
Genetic Equilibrium: If the allele frequency is constant the allele has reached equilibrium. It will not change unless something big happens to the population.

34. Population Genetics
Genetic Drift: random change in allele frequency in a population due to chance events.
Directional Selection: occurs when a change in the environment favors an extreme phenotype.