1. Chapter 2 Turning Data into Something You Can Use
Processing Hardware
Chapter 2
Turning Data into Something You Can Use
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

2. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Overview
Data and program representation
Processor
Main Memory
2.0
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

3. Data and Program Representation
Binary system: 0, 1
Two common schemes
EBCDIC
ASCII (American standard coded Decimal Interchange Code)
“CPU” represent as:
New scheme
Unicode
2.0
EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
ASDCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Unicode uses 2 bytes (16 bits) rather than 1 byte (8-bit) for each character
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

4. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Machine Language
A binary programming language that the computer can run directly
Vary with hardware platform
Instruction set
Add, subtract, multiply, divide for example
A video about data representation
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

5. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Capacity
Bit
0s and 1s
Byte
8 bits
Kilobyte
about bytes
2.0
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

6. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Larger Capacity
Megabyte
about one million bytes
Gigabyte
about one billion bytes
Terabyte
about a trillion bytes
2.1
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

7. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Data Transport
Data bus
electronic pathway or circuit
Data line
Signals that represent data
Address line
Signals that specific where is the data
A video about data transportation
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

8. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Agenda
Data and program representation
Processor
Main Memory
2.0
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

9. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
eMac
Computers
iMac
More than 15 billion microprocessors and microcontrollers in use at the turn of the century
Two categories microcomputer:
The IBM compatible PC
The Apple Macintosh
2.0
Introduction
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

10. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Processors
CPU: central processing unit
Processor: manipulates data into useful information
control unit
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
2.1
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

11. Arithmetic/Logical Operations
Arithmetic operation:
Math operation
Logical operations in the ALU are simple comparisons such as =, <, >, <=, or >=
2.1
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

12. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Registers
High speed circuitry areas
store data and provide work areas for computation
dedicated by function
Instruction register
Address register
Program register
Accumulator
An animation about how ALU work
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

13. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Machine Cycle
Comprise a series of operations to perform a single program instruction
Consists of two parts:
During the instruction cycles, or I-cycles,
control unit fetches instructions from main memory
decodes or interprets instruction
During execution cycle, or E-cycle,
executes and stores result
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

14. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Boards and Chips
Powerful computer
CPU contained on Circuit boards
Microcomputer
Processor circuitry etched on Chips of silicon
A video about chips
2.1
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

15. Specialized Processor
Coprocessors is dedicated for special job
math
Graphics
Audio
Increase the speed of computer system
Expand a computer’s capability
2.1
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

16. CPU Performance Factors
Clock rate (Processing Speeds)
Word size
Cache
Instruction set size
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

17. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Processing Speed
System clock
Emits pulses to established the timing for all system operations.
Limit the number of instructions can be completed within a specific amount of time
Speeds measured in megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz) are common
Overclocking is when system clocks are set for the external part of the CPUs and its local bus to run above its published speed. Doing so voids warranties
MIPS and FLOPS fell out of usage as marketing began using slightly different measurements to show that their products was superior. Unfortunately, comparing MIPS published by different producers became like comparing apples and oranges
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

18. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Word Size
Number of bits computer can hold in its registers, process at one time
sent through local bus
32-bit
most 486 PCs
64-bit
common PCs in CISC format
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

19. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
CISC, RISC, MPP
CISC (“sisk”)
complex instruction set, serially executed
most mainframes and PCs
RISC (“risk”)
reduced instruction set, serially executed
cheaper and faster
shift some work to software
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

20. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
MPP
Massively parallel processing (MPP)
spreads calculations over many computers or processors
Used in powerful microcomputer and workstation, and supercomputer
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

21. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Homework
P2.34
1,2,3,4,5
P2.35 In your own words
3,5
Key section
2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

22. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Agenda
Data and program representation
Processor
Main Memory
2.0
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

23. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Main Memory
Holds data and program instructions, also called primary storage
Circuitry that has a direct link to processor
Two types:
RAM (random access memory)
ROM (read-only memory)
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

24. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
RAM
Temporarily holds data(volatile)
Holds data
Holds instructions
Holds result
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

25. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
RAM Capacity
Measured in megabytes
Capacity varies according to installed amount of memory chips
Software determines capacity needed
Configured as small circuit boards
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

26. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
RAM Speed
The speed of read and store data
Measured in nanoseconds(ns)
one billionth of a second
8 ns
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

27. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
Agenda
Data and program representation
Processor
Main Memory
2.0
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002

28. Computer Components & Networks, 2002
continue
Ch 2
Computer Components & Networks, 2002