1. C.1.5 BELLRINGER 12/1 What are the 6 weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? (Look back at #1 and #2 for help)

2. WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1. Congress had no power to tax 2. Congress had no power to regulate trade 3. Congress had no power to enforce its laws 4. The national government lacked a national court system (judicial branch) 5. There was no central leadership (executive branch) 6. Changes to the Articles required unanimous consent of the 13 states.

3. “ARTWORK VIEWING GUIDE”

4. WASHINGTON AS STATESMAN AT THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION (TAKE NOTES ON YOUR ACTIVITY SHEET) This painting was the first to portray the Constitutional Convention It illustrates the 39 delegates in attendance, with George Washington at the center During the summer of 1787, the delegates agreed to replace the Articles of Confederation with the Constitution

5. WASHINGTON AS STATESMAN AT THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION (TAKE NOTES ON YOUR ACTIVITY SHEET) In order for the Constitution to officially replace the Articles of Confederation, 9 of 13 states had to vote in favor of the new Constitution After the convention, the delegates had to convince their state legislatures (conventions) to agree to support the Constitution

6. FEDERALISTS, ANTI- FEDERALISTS, AND THE CONSTITUTION SS.7.C.1.8 EXPLAIN THE VIEWPOINTS OF THE FEDERALISTS AND THE ANTI- FEDERALISTS REGARDING THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION AND INCLUSION OF A BILL OF RIGHTS.

7. http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/stearns/

8. FEDERALISTS & ANTI-FEDERALISTS GUIDING QUESTIONS Read and discuss the debate that occurred over the ratification of the Constitution. Review the guiding questions as a whole class. Directions: With your Partner, identify the evidence from the text and then write your answer in complete sentences.

9. C.1.8 BELL RINGER 12/2 Why does the U.S. Supreme Court continue to debate states’ rights? A. Because the Constitution can be amended. B. Because the Constitution allows judicial review. C. States’ rights are not mentioned in the Preamble. D. States’ rights are not enumerated in the Bill of Rights.

13. GO OVER AND TAKE NOTES: F & AF GUIDING QUESTIONS What were the viewpoints of the Federalists and the Anti- Federalists concerning the ratification of the Constitution? Why did the Anti-Federalists want to include a Bill of Rights? How did the Federalist Papers and the Anti-Federalist papers play a role in this debate?

14. COMPARING VIEWPOINTS Let’s take a look at “Comparing Viewpoints: Anti- Federalists and Federalists” activity sheet We are going to look more closely at the arguments made by Anti-Federalists against the Constitution and the responses from the Federalists to compare the views of both groups

15. COMPARING VIEWPOINTS #1. Let’s read aloud the first set of viewpoints We will work as a class to summarize the first viewpoint then you will summarize #2 and #3 with your partner.

18. FILL IN YOUR ACTIVITY SHEET: How do these viewpoints compare? What evidence in the text led you to your answer?

19. HOW DO THESE VIEWPOINTS COMPARE? 1. They disagree. The Anti-Federalists believe that the Constitution gives too much power to the federal government and not enough power to the states. The Federalists believe that a strong central government is necessary, but the Constitution will protect the state governments.

20. COMPARING VIEWPOINTS Work with your partner to complete the rest of the activity sheet, and we will review as a whole class.

21. C.1.8 BENCHMARK REVIEW PAGE

22. ANTI-FEDERALISTS/FEDERALISTS ARGUMENTS

23. HOW DO THESE VIEWPOINTS COMPARE? 2. Both agree that rights are important. Anti- Federalists believe that a list of rights is necessary to include in order to protect our rights. Federalists believe that a list of rights will limit the amount of rights protected.

24. 3. ANTI-FEDERALISTS ARGUMENTS The Necessary and Proper (elastic) Clause is too vague, and can be interpreted in too many ways. This clause gives too much power to the federal government – there are many dangers of the federal government using this clause to gain more power over the states and individuals. SUMMARY: The Necessary and Proper Clause will give too much power to the federal government.

25. 3. FEDERALISTS ARGUMENTS The Necessary and Proper (elastic) Clause is needed, so that the federal government is able to address the tasks for which it is responsible. SUMMARY: The Necessary and Proper Clause is necessary so that the federal government can do its job.

26. HOW DO THESE VIEWPOINTS COMPARE? 3. They disagree. Anti-Federalists believe the clause will lead to the federal government to have too much power. The Federalists believe that it is necessary.

27. CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING #1: WRITE OR DISCUSS Using what you have learned from the reading and activity sheets, explain the viewpoints of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists regarding the ratification of the Constitution. As part of your response, include why the Anti- Federalists wanted to include a Bill of Rights.

28. CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING #2: WRITE OR DISCUSS During the ratification process, Anti-Federalist Patrick Henry made the following statement: “As long as we can preserve our rights, we are in safety.” Explain how this statement is related to the Anti- Federalists’ reason for wanting to include a bill of rights in the Constitution.

29. PRIMARY PASSAGE QUOTES CLASSIFYING QUOTES Directions: With your partner, you will read each of the quotes. You will discuss each quote and decide whether if represents Federalist or Anti- Federalist beliefs. Then circle the “F” for Federalist or the “AF” for Anti-Federalist next to each quote.

31. WRAP UP Have you ever experienced your own rights being taken away, or witnessed this happen to someone else? How did this make you feel? What was, or should be, government’s role in protecting everyone’s rights?