1. GLOBAL AND LOCAL public health
LECTURE
....
HISTORY OF SCIENCE 148
DATE
2/7/2013
LECTURER
Aaron Pascal Mauck, MA, PhD

2. STRUCTURE OF LECTURE I. Race and Space Continued
II. Histories of Public Health
III. Empire as Sanitary Laboratory

3. II. Racializing Social Distance
Careful organization and policing of spaces where colonizers and
colonized interact
Special danger in physical contact
Between the bodies of colonizers and colonized (threat of pollution)
Characteristic of racialized hierarchies in noncolonial settings
(Jim Crow South)

4. III. Medicalizing Social Distance
Medicine allows a specific metonymic relationship to develop between racialized bodies based on their bodily substances
Pollution takes the specific form of dangerous bodily substances with a premium placed on their control
Laboratories and hospitals become spaces for handling dangerous substances in ways that control and reduce this danger

5. II. Histories of Public Health

6. Nineteenth Century Theories of Disease
Contagion, Miasma, Zymosis, Predisposition
Despite differences in theories of etiology, all
Share a similar view of the diseased body
No disease specificity
Health constitutes an unstable equilibrium
Intimate relationship between mind, body,
and environment (6 non-naturals)

7. Translating Disease Theory into Public Health
Entails a shift in focus from
Diseased Bodies to Diseased
Populations
Edwin Chadwick: Involved in reform of poor laws in England during 1830s. Differentiates working and non-working poor
Sees poverty as environmentally connected to disease with non-working poor as the central agents and victims of disease
Urbanization and industrialization produce pathological environments. Eliminating such environments becomes central public health task
Edwin Chadwick,

8. MAP OF CHOLERA
ENGLAND, 1849

9. TIME MAP OF CHOLERA EPIDEMIC, 1848-9

11. BRITISH CARTOON, 1848

12. JOHN SNOW:
SPOT MAP
BROAD ST. PUMP

13. JOHN SNOW:
WATER-BORN HYPOTHESIS, 1854

14. MICROSCOPIC COMPONENTS
OF CHOLERA WARD AIR 1854
ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS, MODEL VILLAGE,
C. WWI

15. CHOLERA AND THE FORMATION OF THE NEW YORK BOARD OF HEALTH, 1866

16. “Germ Theory”
~1870 – Present
Aligns aspects
of Contagionist,
Miasmatic, and
Predispositionist
Frameworks
Simplifies causal
explanations, but
must align with
dominant cultural
beliefs about the
origins and control
of disease

17. Sanitation and Municipal Improvements (Miasma)
Nutrition & Improvements
in Social Conditions (Predisposition)
Quarantine & Isolation (contagionist)
Germ
Theory
Environment that sanitary engineering could manipulate
was expanded to include bodies of the afflicted 
Greater alignment between medicine and public health

18. AMERICAN SANITARY ENGINEERING TEXT, 1880s

20. III. Empire as Sanitary Laboratory
ROBERT KOCH WITH GERMAN CHOLERA EXPEDITION, ALEXANDRIA, 1884

21. PORTABLE
CHOLERA LABORATORY,
1893

22. MODEL VILLAGES, ROYAL MEDICAL CORPS, 1914

23. PLAGUE ENFORCEMENT, HONG KONG, 1894

24. PLAGUE ENFORCEMENT,
HONG KONG, 1894

25. YELLOW FEVER ZONE, SANTIAGO DE CUBA, 1908

26. FROM PERIPHERY TO METROPOLIS
HERMAN BIGGS AND WILLIAM GORGAS, 1915
"Public health is purchasable. Within natural limitations, a community can determine its own death rate”

27. SUMMARY
Techniques and practices of modern public health did not merely develop in Europe and North America to be exported to the rest of the world
Many elements of modern public health infrastructure--e.g., permanent boards of health, coordinated sanitary control over water supply, waste removal--were developed in response to concerns over globalized disease patterns such as cholera
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, colonial territories served as laboratories--of both microbiological and social varieties--for sanitary research and practice.
Practical and administrative techniques of metropolitan public health were developed at imperial peripheries I