1. Chapter 6 The Classical Period: Directions, Diversities, and Declines by 500 CE

2. Themes - 200-500 CE Cultural Exchanges China India Rome

3. Main African – Eurasian Trade Routes in the Classical Age

5. Beyond the Classical Civilizations Although China, India, and the Mediterranean are the focuses of Classical development, significant changes were occurring in the rest of the world. Africa Japan Northern Europe The Americas

6. Sub-Saharan Africa Egyptians 3500-1500 BCE Nile River delta Kush (Sudan) Conquered Egypt (circa 750 BCE) Farming and trade Urban centered Axum ( Ethopia) Multicultural – African, Jew, Greek, later Arab Prosperous port King Ezana – conquered Kush, 300 BCE – one of oldest continual monarchies in history (abolished 20 th century) Christianity flourished in isolation

8. Kush Pyramids at Meroe

9. One of Ezana’s Obelisks (Stele)

10. African Agriculture Spread southward Sahara – less arid Slow to spread because of disease, dense vegetation, and few animals to domesticate

11. Ghana First great trading state in West Africa Kingdom structure Villages with local rulers Kings ruled without law Economy and Trade Wealthy traders Agriculture Iron Gold Salt

12. Developing Japan 200 CE Tribal groups/chiefs Agriculture,fishing, ironworking 400 CE – writing (Korean scribes) Emergence of regional states Shintoism (700 CE) Worship political rulers – Emperor as God Nature gods (rice) Influenced by China

13. Northern Europe Significantly behind until 1000 CE Teutons Celts Loose kingdoms initially conquered by Rome No written vernacular languages Primitive agriculture Many individual pagan theologies

14. Central America Olmec – 800-400 BCE No writing Monumental construction Cultivation of corn Teotihuacán - 400 BCE Replaces Olmec, builders unknown Maya - 400 CE

15. Olmecs and Mayas in Central America

16. Teotihuacán

17. Inca and Polynesians Inca Peru, Bolivia Potato agriculture (terraces) Developed in total isolation Polynesians Giant ocean going canoes Fiji, Samoa – 1000 BCE Hawai’i – 400 CE

18. The Contributions of the Nomads Herder societies that pioneered overland trade routes Traders along the silk roads – moved ideas, foods, and disease Technology – stirrup,weaponry Invaders – bring the classical period to an end

19. Decline in China Han Dynasty, 100 CE - Internal corruption and collapse, decline in influence of Confucianism Social Unrest Threat from Asian nomads Revolt of the Yellow Turbans Daoist leaders Power shift from centralization to local rulers Introduction of Buddhism

20. Dynastic Revival 6 th Century CE – Sui Tang – 618 CE Golden Age Restore faith in bureaucracy Revived Confucianism Unlike Rome, recovered from collapse

21. Decline in India Indo-European Hun invasion overthrew Guptas Displaced by Roman expansion Less drastic than Han Central power of Guptas reverting back to provincial princes – the Rajput Invading Huns integrated into warrior class

22. Decline in India (con’t) Culture continues to evolve Hinduism strengthens 600 CE – arrival of Islam Decline of Sanskrit, rise of vernacular written language Tamil traders lose importance to Arabs

23. The Decline of Rome Internal Instability, 235-284 CE Civil Wars, Military Take Over, Assassinations 22 emperors Borders Threatened Germanic tribes North Persians to the East Inflation Scarcity of goods, value of money down Plague Labor shortage

24. Reasons for the Fall Christianity Weakened militaristic values Brought down power of the patrician class Size/Diversity Too much territory, too many difference types of groups Lagging technology Slavery – no need to develop technology Political instability

25. The Late Empire New Government Structure Rigid Economic and Social reforms State religion – Christianity Diocletian Divides empire in four manageable parts Increases military strength and spending Set prices and wages Created serfdom

26. The Late Empire (con’t) State religion – Christianity Constantine Moved Roman capital to Byzantium Renamed it Constantinople Forced tolerance of Christianity d

27. Barbarian Invasions: “Lots and lots of arrows wandering over the map” Dr. James Burns

28. The Fall Roman empire splits in East and West Attacks on the Frontiers Germanic tribes Huns Persians Rome sacked 410 CE, Visigoths 455 CE, Vandals Emperors in power until 476. Romulus Augustulus deposed

29. The Roman Empire Splits c. 500 CE

30. Byzantium Byzantium emerges from the old Eastern Empire Stronger of two Empires older traditions of civilization. less pressure from barbarian invasions. more wealth more active trade – Constantinople, end of the silk road. Justinian Remained powerful until Ottoman takeover

31. The Rise of Christianity Began as a movement within Judaism Jesus of Nazareth Ritual was insignificant to inner transformation Behave morally and ethically. Viewed as revolutionary Crucified by Romans (circa. 30 CE) Apostles and the Early Church Leaders of the movement Jesus was sent to earth to save humans from sin – transformation of Jesus from teacher to messiah People who accepted this would have salvation Oral tradition; then written between 40 -100 CE (The Gospels) First churches established by 100 CE

32. Roman Development When Christians refused to worship state gods, it was declared illegal. Persecuted and executed through 2 nd century CE; crucifixion, Coliseum, exiled. Growing rapidly Gave meaning to life Similar to older religions Formed communities Attractive to all classes Edict of Milan – 313 CE Constantine orders acceptance of Christianity

33. Early Roman Catholicism Hierarchy in the Church Pope Evangelicalism Conversion Intolerance of competing faiths