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Uncertainties and Error
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Human Error Systematic Random
The experimenter does not know how to use the apparatus properly The power of concentration of the experimenter is fading
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Fix it! Systematic Random Calibrate/check the equipment often
Control as many other variables as possible to reduce these
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Degrees of Precision ± half the smallest division on the instrument.
Ex: a thermometer whose smallest division is 1oC would measure 45o ± 0.5o
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Unless it’s a mm ruler….. ± half the smallest decimal point measured to (place value with sig figs) 40.7 mm ± 0.5 mm 13 mm ± 5 mm 3.0 mm ± 0.5 mm
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Or an electronic device….
Minimum uncertainty is ± one unit of the last decimal place (13.7 g ± 0.1 g) Absolute uncertainty is in the literature for the device
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