1. Complex sentence analysis (2) D. Mott, ETS, IBM 5 th Nov 2014

2. Purpose To analyse a more complex ELICIT sentence: –Reports from the Coralgroup indicate a reorganisation Prevously this was hand-simplified to: –the Coralgroup is not a participant Here we have analysed the original sentence to generate the same CE output, i.e. –“the group Coralgroup is a non-participant” The analysis and associated model is contained in “ELICIT_organisation.doc” and summarised here These slides show the rationale graph –This slideset also contains macros to allow the user to adjust the graphs (when run in presentation mode). –I am not sure if this will work for other users, yet.

3. Key domain inference steps “Reports from the Coral group indicate a reorganization” suggests that the CoralGroup is non-operational via the following logic: 1.an operational group requires an organisational structure to be in place 2.a reorganisation will destroy the organisational structure 3.the Coral group is in the process of reorganising Steps 1 and 2 may be part of the model of organisations; step 3 is harder to take, since the sentence does not explicitly state the organisation is current.

4. An ambiguity The sentence does not state WHO is reorganising In a different dialog context –The Azuregroup announced a change of approach. Reports from the Coralgroup indicate a reorganization it may not be that Coralgroup that is reorganising However the ELICIT sentences are meant to stand alone, with no dialog context –in this case, there is only one entity mentioned, so it is likely that this actor (Coralgroup) is doing the activity of reorganising

5. Modelling the organisation A group is operational in an area A if: –it has enough members –the members are in the area A –the organisational structure is in place conceptualise a ~ dysfunctional group ~ G that is a group. a ~ dysfunctional group ~ G that is a group.conceptualise a ~ disorganised group ~ G that is a dysfunctional group. a ~ disorganised group ~ G that is a dysfunctional group. [ dysfunctional ] if if ( the group G is a dysfunctional group ) ( the group G is a dysfunctional group ) then then ( the group G is a non-participant ). ( the group G is a non-participant ). [ reorganisation ] if if ( there is a reorganisation named R that has the group G as first role ) ( there is a reorganisation named R that has the group G as first role ) then then ( the group G is a disorganised group ). ( the group G is a disorganised group ). a reorganisation is a situation reorganisation involving a group leads to its being a non-participant

6. Modelling “reports” We need to understand “reports”: –who is reporting, what they are reporting about the report A the report A the ~ stating situation ~ S the thing T reifies the agent B the agent B ~ is about ~ the agent C the agent C ~ is authored by ~ a situation ~ states ~ is a

7. Transforming MRS to domain knowledge A “stating something” situation A “report from” situation the report the Coralgroup a reorganisation

8. The “stating something” situation Generic situation: –the situation e3 has the thing x6 as first argument and has the thing x16 as second argument. Relatively straightforward, using simple links from predicates to concepts: the mrs predicate '_report_n_of_rel' expresses the entity concept report. the mrs predicate '_indicate_v_1_rel' expresses the situation concept 'stating situation'. there is a stating situation named e3 that has the report x6 as first role and has the reorganisation x16 as second role. the mrs predicate '_reorganization_n_1_rel' expresses the entity concept reorganisation. Standard processing generates the stating situation and its roles: Standard reification generates the relational “view”: the report x6 states the reorganisation x16.

9. The “report from” situation Generic situation: –the situation e11 has the thing x6 as first argument and has the thing x10 as second argument. Standard processing: –the situation e11 has the report x6 as first role and has the group CoralGroup as second role. Further processing more complex as not a consistent or complete structure –need information about the preposition (from/by/about) and the type of message (report_of) –an extra argument (i9) indicating some content about something (but only for message/letter/video and not document/email) –roles of situation different for different prepositions “from/by” makes preposition object as first role “about” makes preposition object as second role These complexities need multiple, specialist rules We do not construct a “reporting situation” but define the characteristics of the report –the author –what it is about Different types of “prepositional MRS predicate” –“report source predicate” that is involved in defining the authorship of reports –“report target predicate” that is involved in defining what the report is about the mrs predicate '_from_p_rel' is a report source predicate. the mrs predicate '_by_p_rel' is a report source predicate. the mrs predicate '_about_p_rel' is a report target predicate.

10. Defining the report details Author: [ report_author ] if ( there is a situation named SR that has the report R as first role and ( there is a situation named SR that has the report R as first role and has the agent A as second role ) and has the agent A as second role ) and ( the mrs elementary predication EP has the situation SR as zeroth argument and ( the mrs elementary predication EP has the situation SR as zeroth argument and is an instance of the report source predicate RP ) is an instance of the report source predicate RP )then ( the report R is authored by the agent A ). ( the report R is authored by the agent A ). Object of the report [ report_target ] if ( there is a situation named SR that has the report R as first role and ( there is a situation named SR that has the report R as first role and has the agent A as second role ) and has the agent A as second role ) and ( the mrs elementary predication EP has the situation SR as zeroth argument and ( the mrs elementary predication EP has the situation SR as zeroth argument and is an instance of the report target predicate RP ) is an instance of the report target predicate RP )then ( the report R is about the agent A ). ( the report R is about the agent A ). the situation e11 has the report x6 as first role and has the group CoralGroup as second role. the report x6 is authored by the group CoralGroup. not used here, but when there is a report “about” something

11. Guessing the object of the report If sentence has zero dialog context, then assume it is about the author itself: there is a sentence interpretation named report_author_is_object that has "in a zero dialog context the report author is considered to be the object of the report" as description. [ zero_context_report ] if ( there is a report named R that is authored by the agent A ) and ( it can be assumed that the sentence interpretation report_author_is_object can be made by the rule zero_context_report ) then ( the report R is about the agent A ). the report x6 is about the group CoralGroup it is assumed that the sentence interpretation report_author_is_object can be made by the rule zero_context_report Make the assumption:

12. Guessing the actor of the reported situation If a report is about an agent and reports a situation, then assume the agent is the actor of the situation there is a sentence interpretation named report_object_is_actor that has "in a zero dialog context the report object is considered to be the actor of the reported situation" as description. [ zero_context_reported_situation ] if ( there is a report named R that is about the agent A and states the situation S ) and ( it can be assumed that the sentence interpretation report_object_is_actor can be made by the rule zero_context_reported_situation ) then ( the situation S has the agent A as first role ). the reorganisation x16 has the group CoralGroup as first role it is assumed that the sentence interpretation report_object_is_actor can be made by the rule zero_context_reported_situation Make the assumption: the group CoralGroup is a disorganised group

13. there_is_a_report_named_x6 [mrs_noun_indef] the_report_x6_is_about_the_agent Coralgroup [zero_context_report] the_report_x6_states_the_thing_x16 [gen_vr] there_is_a_situation_named_x16 [subclass] the_situation_x16_has_the_agent Coralgroup_as_first_role [zero_context_reported_situation] there_is_a_disorganised_group_named Coralgroup [reorganisation] there_is_a_dysfunctional_group_named Coralgroup [subclass] there_is_a_non-participant_named Coralgroup [dysfunctional] it_is_assumed_that_the_sentence interpretation_report_object_is_actor can_be_made_by_the_thing zero_context_reported_situation [\ a2] LoadMoveClear<>^vKDELClrSelShowR

14. MoveClear<>^vKDELClrSelShowR the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep0' has_the_thing_x6_as_zeroth_domain argument [mrs_zero_domain_arg_1] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep1' has_the_thing_x6_as_zeroth_domain argument [mrs_zero_domain_arg_1] the_indefinite_quantification 'ce:Indefinite_Quantification4'_is_on the_thing_x6 [quant_set_indefinite] the_set_quantification 'ce:Indefinite_Quantification4'_has_the mrs_predicate__report_n_of_rel_as_sense [quant_set_indefinite] there_is_a_report_named_x6 [mrs_noun_indef] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep0'_is an_instance_of_the_mrs_predicate udef_q_rel the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep1'_is an_instance_of_the_mrs_predicate _report_n_of_rel the_thing_x6_has_the_number_category plural_as_feature the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep0' equals_modulo_quantifiers_the_mrs elementary_predication_'#ep1' the_mrs_predicate__report_n_of_rel expresses_the_entity_concept_report

15. MoveClear<>^vKDELClrSelShowR the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep2' has_the_thing_e11_as_zeroth_domain argument [mrs_zero_domain_arg_1] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep2' has_the_thing_x6_as_first_domain argument [mrs_first_domain_arg_1] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep2' has_the_reference_entity_Coralgroup_as second_domain_argument [mrs_second_domain_arg] the_situation_e11_has_the_thing_x6_as first_role [mrs_verb_1a] the_situation_e11_has_the_thing Coralgroup_as_second_role [mrs_verb_trans] the_report_x6_is_authored_by_the_agent Coralgroup [report_author] the_report_x6_is_about_the_agent Coralgroup [zero_context_report] it_is_assumed_that_the_sentence interpretation_report_author_is_object can_be_made_by_the_thing zero_context_report [a1] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep2'_is an_instance_of_the_mrs_predicate _from_p_rel the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep2' has_the_thing_x10_as_second_argument the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep4'_is an_instance_of_the_mrs_predicate named_rel the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep4' has_the_thing_x10_as_zeroth_argument the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep4' has_'Coralgroup'_as_c_argument the_group_Coralgroup_has_'Coralgroup'_as common_name there_is_a_report_source_predicate_named _from_p_rel

16. MoveClear<>^vKDELClrSelShowR the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep6' has_the_thing_x16_as_zeroth_domain argument [mrs_zero_domain_arg_1] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep7' has_the_thing_x16_as_zeroth_domain argument [mrs_zero_domain_arg_1] the_indefinite_quantification 'ce:Indefinite_Quantification3'_is_on the_thing_x16 [quant_indefinite] the_indefinite_quantification 'ce:Indefinite_Quantification3'_has_the mrs_predicate__reorganization_n_1_rel_as sense [quant_indefinite] there_is_a_reorganisation_named_x16 [mrs_noun_indef] there_is_a_situation_named_x16 [subclass] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep6'_is an_instance_of_the_mrs_predicate _a_q_rel the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep7'_is an_instance_of_the_mrs_predicate _reorganization_n_1_rel the_thing_x16_has_the_number_category singular_as_feature the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep6' equals_modulo_quantifiers_the_mrs elementary_predication_'#ep7' there_is_a_mrs_indefinite_predicate named__a_q_rel the_mrs_predicate _reorganization_n_1_rel_expresses_the entity_concept_reorganisation

17. MoveClear<>^vKDELClrSelShowR the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep5' has_the_thing_e3_as_zeroth_domain argument [mrs_zero_domain_arg_1] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep5' has_the_thing_x6_as_first_domain argument [mrs_first_domain_arg_1] there_is_a_stating_situation_named_e3 [mrs_verb_1b] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep5'_is an_instance_of_the_mrs_predicate _indicate_v_1_rel the_mrs_predicate__indicate_v_1_rel expresses_the_situation_concept_'stating situation'

18. MoveClear<>^vKDELClrSelShowR the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep5' has_the_thing_e3_as_zeroth_domain argument [mrs_zero_domain_arg_1] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep5' has_the_thing_x6_as_first_domain argument [mrs_first_domain_arg_1] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep5' has_the_thing_x16_as_second_domain argument [mrs_second_domain_arg_1] there_is_a_normal_situation_named_e3 [mrs_normal_situation] the_situation_e3_has_the_thing_x6_as first_role [mrs_verb_1a] there_is_a_stating_situation_named_e3 [mrs_verb_1b] the_situation_e3_has_the_thing_x16_as second_role [mrs_verb_trans] the_stating_situation_e3_is_viewed relationally_as_the_relation_concept states [gen_situation_reify] the_report_x6_states_the_thing_x16 [gen_vr] the_mrs_elementary_predication_'#ep5'_is an_instance_of_the_mrs_predicate _indicate_v_1_rel the_entity_concept_'stating_situation' reifies_the_relation_concept_states